Drug General Information (ID: D1515)
  Drug Name
Sulfamethizole
  Drug Type Small molecule
  Drug Synonymous
Ayerlucil; Famet; Lucosil; Methazol; Microsul; Proklar; Renasul; Rufol; SULFAMETHIAZOLE; Salimol; Solfametizolo; Sulamethizole; Sulfamethazole; Sulfamethizol; Sulfamethizolum; Sulfamethylthiadiazole; Sulfametizol; Sulfapyelon; Sulfstat; Sulfurine; Sulphamethizole; Sulphamethyltiadiazole; Tetracid; Thidicur;Thiosulfil; Ultrasul; Urocydal; Urodiaton; Urolucosil; Urosulfin; Uroz; Solfametizolo [DCIT]; Sulfa gram; Thiosulfil Forte; RP 2145; VK 53; Sulfamethizolum [INN-Latin]; Sulfametizol [INN-Spanish]; Thiosulfil (TN); Sulfamethizole [USAN:INN:JAN]; Thiosulfil-A-Forte; Sulfamethizole (JP15/USP/INN); N1-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanilamide; N(1)-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanilamide; N(sup 1)-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanilamide; N(sup 1)-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-sulfanilamide; 2-(p-Aminobenzenesulfonamido)-5-methylthiadiazole; 2-Methyl-5-sulfanilamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 2-Sulfanilamido-5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole; 4-Amino-N-(5-Methyl-1,3,4-Thiadiazol-2-Yl)Benzene-1-Sulfonamide; 4-Amino-N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)benzenesulfonamide; 4-Amino-N-[5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide; 5-Methyl-2-sulfanilamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole
    Click to Show/Hide
  Disease Class GC08: Urinary tract infection
  Therapeutic Class Antiinfective Agents
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure 2D Structure
  Formula C9H10N4O2S2
  InChI 1S/C9H10N4O2S2/c1-6-11-12-9(16-6)13-17(14,15)8-4-2-7(10)3-5-8/h2-5H,10H2,1H3,(H,12,13)
  InChIKey VACCAVUAMIDAGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  Canonical SMILES CC1=NN=C(S1)NS(=O)(=O)C2=CC=C(C=C2)N
  External Link
Pubchem ID 5328
CAS Number 144-82-1
CHEBI ID 9331
TTD ID D07JJS

Drug-Drug Interaction Network
  Sunburst Graph
AM001  Affected gastrointestinal absorption
AM003  Affected organization distribution
AM004  Affected intra/extra-hepatic metabolism
AM006  Pharmacodynamic additive effects
AM007  Pharmacodynamic antagonistic effects
BM002  Altered intestinal flora
BM013  Competitive binding of plasma proteins
BM014  Interference of cell/tissue uptake
BM017  CYP450 enzyme inhibition
BM055  Increased risk of hepatotoxicity
BM064  Increased risk of hypoglycemia
BM071  Increased risk of methemoglobinemia
BM072  Increased risk of nephrotoxicity
BM075  Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions
BM100  Antagonize the effect of vaccine/toxoid
BM107  Attenuated pharmacological effects (Unspecific)
BM109  Increased risk of other adverse reactions (Unspecific)
  Relation Graph
 Full list of drugs interacting with Sulfamethizole
      Affected gastrointestinal absorption
   Altered intestinal flora Drug Num:  2
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1094
 
Mycophenolate mofetil
 
C23H31NO7
 
5281078 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[208], [209]
D1095
 
Mycophenolic acid
 
C17H20O6
 
446541 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[208], [209]
      Affected organization distribution
   Competitive binding of plasma proteins Drug Num:  2
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1711
 
Warfarin
 
C19H16O4
 
54678486 
Major    Inter Info   
[20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]
D1025
 
Methotrexate
 
C20H22N8O5
 
126941 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[160], [161], [16], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168], [169], [170], [171], [172], [173]
   Interference of cell/tissue uptake Drug Num:  2
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1817
 
Indium In-111 oxyquinoline
 
C27H18InN3O3
 
16685037 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[201]
D1822
 
Iodide I-123
 
I-
 
135300 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[202], [203], [204]
      Affected intra/extra-hepatic metabolism
   CYP450 enzyme inhibition Drug Num:  6
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0298
 
Celecoxib
 
C17H14F3N3O2S
 
2662 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[43]
D1087
 
Montelukast
 
C35H36ClNO3S
 
5281040 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[178], [179]
D0905
 
Lesinurad
 
C17H14BrN3O2S
 
53465279 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[205], [206]
D0946
 
Lonafarnib
 
C27H31Br2ClN4O2
 
148195 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[207]
D1682
 
Vardenafil
 
C23H32N6O4S
 
135400189 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[220], [221]
D1611
 
Torasemide
 
C16H20N4O3S
 
41781 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[224], [225], [226]
      Pharmacodynamic additive effects
   Increased risk of hepatotoxicity Drug Num:  20
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0944
 
Lomitapide
 
C39H37F6N3O2
 
9853053 
Major    Inter Info   
[5]
D1073
 
Mipomersen
 
C230H324N67O122P19S19
 
118984467 
Major    Inter Info   
[8]
D1258
 
Pexidartinib
 
C20H15ClF3N5
 
25151352 
Major    Inter Info   
[12]
D0114
 
Asparaginase Escherichia coli
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[41], [14], [42]
D0826
 
Interferon beta-1a
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[156], [157], [158], [159]
D0827
 
Interferon beta-1b
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[156], [157], [158], [159]
D1234
 
Pegaspargase
 
C14H19NO
 
436058 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[180], [41], [181], [14], [16], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [42], [188]
D0113
 
Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[180], [41], [181], [14], [16], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [42], [188]
D0149
 
Bedaquiline
 
C32H31BrN2O2
 
5388906 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[191]
D0199
 
Brentuximab vedotin
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[192]
D0232
 
Calaspargase pegol
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[180], [41], [181], [14], [16], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [42], [188]
D0248
 
Cannabidiol
 
C21H30O2
 
644019 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [193]
D0357
 
Clofarabine
 
C10H11ClFN5O3
 
119182 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[194]
D0554
 
Efavirenz
 
C14H9ClF3NO2
 
64139 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[195], [196]
D0789
 
Idelalisib
 
C22H18FN7O
 
11625818 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[200]
D1106
 
Naltrexone
 
C20H23NO4
 
5360515 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[210]
D1239
 
Peginterferon beta-1a
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[156], [157], [158], [159]
D1389
 
Remdesivir
 
C27H35N6O8P
 
121304016 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[14], [16], [216], [217], [218]
D1615
 
Trabectedin
 
C39H43N3O11S
 
108150 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [219]
D1589
 
Tioguanine
 
C5H5N5S
 
2723601 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[222], [223]
   Increased risk of hypoglycemia Drug Num:  19
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0727
 
Glimepiride
 
C24H34N4O5S
 
3476 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [26], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148]
D0811
 
Insulin glargine
 
C267H404N72O78S6
 
118984454 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [149], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [78], [79], [80], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [94], [96], [98], [99], [100], [103], [104], [106], [107], [108], [110], [150], [112], [151], [152], [117], [153], [154], [123], [125], [126], [127], [129], [131], [133], [135], [136], [140], [141], [142], [143], [155], [144], [145], [147], [148]
D0814
 
Insulin human (inhalation, rapid acting)
 
C257H383N65O77S6
 
118984375 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [112], [129]
D0815
 
Insulin human (isophane)
 
C257H383N65O77S6
 
118984375 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [112], [129]
D0816
 
Insulin human (regular)
 
C257H383N65O77S6
 
118984375 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [112], [129]
D0817
 
Insulin human (zinc extended)
 
C257H383N65O77S6
 
118984375 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [112], [129]
D0818
 
Insulin human (zinc)
 
C257H383N65O77S6
 
118984375 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [112], [129]
D0819
 
Insulin lispro
 
C257H389N65O77S6
 
16132438 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [149], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [78], [79], [80], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [94], [96], [98], [99], [100], [103], [104], [106], [107], [108], [110], [150], [112], [151], [152], [117], [153], [154], [123], [125], [126], [127], [129], [131], [133], [135], [136], [140], [141], [142], [143], [155], [144], [145], [147], [148]
D0325
 
Chlorpropamide
 
C10H13ClN2O3S
 
2727 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[62], [77], [140]
D0728
 
Glipizide
 
C21H27N5O4S
 
3478 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [26], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148]
D0730
 
Glyburide
 
C23H28ClN3O5S
 
3488 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [26], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148]
D0808
 
Insulin aspart (aspart)
 
C256H381N65O79S6
 
118984445 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [112], [129]
D0809
 
Insulin degludec
 
C274H411N65O81S6
 
118984462 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [149], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [78], [79], [80], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [94], [96], [98], [99], [100], [103], [104], [106], [107], [108], [110], [150], [112], [151], [152], [117], [153], [154], [123], [125], [126], [127], [129], [131], [133], [135], [136], [140], [141], [142], [143], [155], [144], [145], [147], [148]
D0810
 
Insulin detemir
 
C267H402N64O76S6
 
16137271 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [149], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [78], [79], [80], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [94], [96], [98], [99], [100], [103], [104], [106], [107], [108], [110], [150], [112], [151], [152], [117], [153], [154], [123], [125], [126], [127], [129], [131], [133], [135], [136], [140], [141], [142], [143], [155], [144], [145], [147], [148]
D0812
 
Insulin glulisine
 
C258H384N64O78S6
 
16136701 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [149], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [69], [70], [71], [73], [74], [75], [76], [78], [79], [80], [82], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [94], [96], [98], [99], [100], [103], [104], [106], [107], [108], [110], [150], [112], [151], [152], [117], [153], [154], [123], [125], [126], [127], [129], [131], [133], [135], [136], [140], [141], [142], [143], [155], [144], [145], [147], [148]
D1112
 
Nateglinide
 
C19H27NO3
 
5311309 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [26], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148]
D1392
 
Repaglinide
 
C27H36N2O4
 
65981 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[49], [50], [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [56], [57], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88], [89], [90], [91], [92], [93], [94], [95], [26], [96], [97], [98], [99], [100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118], [119], [120], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [128], [129], [130], [131], [132], [133], [134], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148]
D1601
 
Tolazamide
 
C14H21N3O3S
 
5503 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[62], [77], [140]
D1603
 
Tolbutamide
 
C12H18N2O3S
 
5505 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[62], [77], [140]
   Increased risk of methemoglobinemia Drug Num:  13
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1148
 
Nitrous acid
 
HNO2
 
24529 
Major    Inter Info   
[9], [10], [11]
D1338
 
Prilocaine (topical)
 
C13H20N2O
 
4906 
Major    Inter Info   
[13], [14], [15]
D0339
 
Cinchocaine (topical)
 
C20H29N3O2
 
3025 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D0419
 
Dapsone
 
C12H12N2O2S
 
2955 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[14], [46]
D0420
 
Dapsone (topical)
 
C12H12N2O2S
 
2955 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[14], [46]
D1835
 
Lidocaine (ophthalmic)
 
C14H22N2O
 
3676 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D0928
 
Lidocaine (topical)
 
C14H22N2O
 
3676 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D0163
 
Benzocaine (topical)
 
C9H11NO2
 
2337 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D0377
 
Cocaine (nasal)
 
C17H21NO4
 
446220 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D0378
 
Cocaine (topical)
 
C17H21NO4
 
446220 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D1852
 
Oxybuprocaine (ophthalmic)
 
C17H28N2O3
 
4633 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D1870
 
Proparacaine (ophthalmic)
 
C16H26N2O3
 
4935 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
D1904
 
Tetracaine (ophthalmic)
 
C15H24N2O2
 
5411 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [44], [45]
   Increased risk of nephrotoxicity Drug Num:  1
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0402
 
Cyclosporine
 
C62H111N11O12
 
5284373 
Major    Inter Info   
[1], [2], [3]
   Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions Drug Num:  5
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1028
 
Methoxsalen
 
C12H8O4
 
4114 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[14], [174], [175], [176], [177]
D0063
 
Aminolevulinic acid (topical)
 
C5H9NO3
 
137 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[14], [16], [189]
D1033
 
Methyl aminolevulinate (topical)
 
C6H11NO3
 
157922 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[14], [16], [189]
D1314
 
Porfimer sodium
 
C68H74N8O11
 
135577896 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[214], [16], [215]
D1691
 
Verteporfin
 
C82H84N8O16
 
11980904 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [174], [175], [227]
   Increased risk of other adverse reactions (Unspecific) Drug Num:  1
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1020
 
Methenamine
 
C6H12N4
 
4101 
Major    Inter Info   
[6], [7]
      Pharmacodynamic antagonistic effects
   Antagonize the effect of vaccine/toxoid Drug Num:  2
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1914
 
Typhoid vaccine (live)
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[16], [17], [18]
D1693
 
Vibrio cholerae CVD 103-HgR strain live antigen (live)
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[19]
   Attenuated pharmacological effects (Unspecific) Drug Num:  7
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0059
 
Aminobenzoic acid
 
C7H7NO2
 
978 
Major    Inter Info   
[4]
D0688
 
Folic acid
 
C19H19N7O6
 
135398658 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[16], [47], [48]
D0145
 
Balsalazide
 
C17H15N3O6
 
54585 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[190]
D0606
 
Estradiol
 
C18H24O2
 
5757 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[197], [198], [199]
D0619
 
Ethinylestradiol
 
C20H24O2
 
5991 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[197], [198], [199]
D1011
 
Mestranol
 
C21H26O2
 
6291 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[197], [198], [199]
D1287
 
Picosulfuric acid
 
C18H15NO8S2
 
5243 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[211], [212], [213]
References
1 Cockburn IT, Krupp P "An appraisal of drug interactions with sandimmun." Transplant Proc 21 (1989): 3845-50. [PMID: 2683269]
2 Ringden O, Myrenfors P, Klintmalm G, Tyden G, Ost L "Nephrotoxicity by co-trimoxazole and cyclosporin in transplanted patients." Lancet 1 (1984): 1016-7.[PMID: 6143932]
3 Berg K, Gjellestad A, Nordby G, et al "Renal effects of trimethoprim in ciclosporin- and azathioprine-treated kidney-allografted patients." Nephron 53 (1989): 218-22.[PMID: 2677807]
4 Product Information. Potaba (potassium aminobenzoate). Glenwood Inc, Englewood, NJ.
5 Product Information. Juxtapid (lomitapide). Aegerion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
6 Product Information. Hiprex (methenamine). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
7 Product Information. Urised (methenamine). Polymedica Pharmaceuticals USA Inc, Woburn, MA.
8 Product Information. Kynamro (mipomersen). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
9 Coleman MD, Coleman NA "Drug-induced methaemoglobinaemia: treatment issues." Drug Saf 14 (1996): 394-405. [PMID: 8828017]
10 Product Information. Sodium Nitrite (sodium nitrite). Hope Pharmaceuticals, Scottsdale, AZ.
11 Rehman HU "Methemoglobinemia." West J Med 175 (2001): 193-6. [PMID: 11527852]
12 Product Information. Turalio (pexidartinib). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
13 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
14 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
15 Skold A, Cosco DL, Klein R "Methemoglobinemia: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management." South Med J 104 (2011): 757-61. [PMID: 22024786]
16 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
17 UK government "Typhoid.".
18 American Medical Association, Division of Drugs and Toxicology "Drug evaluations annual 1994." Chicago, IL: American Medical Association (1994).
19 Product Information. Vaxchora (cholera vaccine, live). PaxVax, Miami, FL.
20 Cook DE, Ponte CD "Suspected trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole induced hypoprothrombinemia." J Fam Pract 39 (1994): 589-91. [PMID: 7798864]
21 Fischer HD, Juurlink DN, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, Laupacis A "Hemorrhage during warfarin therapy associated with cotrimoxazole and other urinary tract anti-infective agents: a population-based study." Arch Intern Med 170 (2010): 617-21. [PMID: 20386005]
22 Glasheen JJ, Fugit RV, Prochazka AV "The risk of overanticoagulation with antibiotic use in outpatients on stable warfarin regimens." J Gen Intern Med 20 (2005): 653-6. [PMID: 16050864]
23 Hermans JJ, Thijssen HH "Human liver microsomal metabolism of the enantiomers of warfarin and acenocoumarol: P450 isozyme diversity determines the differences in their pharmacokinetics." Br J Pharmacol 110 (1993): 482-90. [PMID: 8220911]
24 Hermida J, Zarza J, Alberca I, et al. "Differential effects of 2C9*3 and 2C9*2 variants of cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 on sensitivity to acenocoumarol." Blood 99 (2002): 4237-9. [PMID: 12010835]
25 Kelly JG, O'Malley K "Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants." Clin Pharmacokinet 4 (1979): 1-15. [PMID: 369763]
26 Lumholtz B, Siersbaek-Nielsen K, Skovsted L, Kampmann J, Hansen JM "Sulfamethizole-induced inhibition of diphenylhydantoin, tolbutamide, and warfarin metabolism." Clin Pharmacol Ther 17 (1975): 731-4. [PMID: 1139863]
27 Miners JO, Birkett DJ "Cytochrome P4502C9: an enzyme of major importance in human drug metabolism." Br J Clin Pharmacol 45 (1998): 525-38. [PMID: 9663807]
28 O'Donnell D "Antibiotic-induced potentiation of oral anticoagulant agents." Med J Aust 150 (1989): 163-4. [PMID: 2716588]
29 O'Reilly RA "Stereoselective interaction of trimethoprim-sulfamethaxazole with the separated enantiomorphs of racemic warfarin in man." N Engl J Med 302 (1980): 33-5. [PMID: 7350395]
30 O'Reilly RA, Motley CH "Racemic warfarin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole interaction in humans." Ann Intern Med 91 (1979): 34-6. [PMID: 464451]
31 Penning-van Beest F, Erkens J, Petersen KU, Koelz HR, Herings R "Main comedications associated with major bleeding during anticoagulant therapy with coumarins." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 61 (2005): 439-44. [PMID: 15947920]
32 Penning-van Beest FJ, van Meegen E, Rosendaal FR, Stricker BH "Drug interactions as a cause of overanticoagulation on phenprocoumon or acenocoumarol predominantly concern antibacterial drugs." Clin Pharmacol Ther 69 (2001): 451-7. [PMID: 11406743]
33 Self TH, Evans W, Ferguson T "Interaction of sulfisoxizole and warfarin." Circulation 52 (1975): 528. [PMID: 1157265]
34 Serlin MJ, Breckenridge AM "Drug interactions with warfarin." Drugs 25 (1983): 610-20. [PMID: 6347619]
35 Sioris LJ, Weibert RT, Pentel PR "Potentiation of warfarin anaticoagulation by sulfisoxazole." Arch Intern Med 140 (1980): 546-7. [PMID: 7362390]
36 Takahashi H, Wilkinson GR, Caraco Y, et al. "Population differences in S-warfarin metabolism between CYP2C9 genotype-matched Caucasian and Japanese patients." Clin Pharmacol Ther 73 (2003): 253-63. [PMID: 12621390]
37 Thijssen HH, Flinois JP, Beaune PH "Cytochrome P4502C9 is the principal catalyst of racemic acenocoumarol hydroxylation reactions in human liver microsomes." Drug Metab Disposition 28 (2000): 1284-90. [PMID: 11038154]
38 Venkatakrishnan K, vonMoltke LL, Greenblatt DJ "Effects of the antifungal agents on oxidative drug metabolism - Clinical relevance." Clin Pharmacokinet 38 (2000): 111-80. [PMID: 10709776]
39 Visser LE, Penning-Van Bees FJ, Harrie Kasbergen AA, et al. "Overanticoagulation associated with combined use of antibacterial drugs and acenocoumarol or phenprocoumon anticoagulants." Thromb Haemost 88 (2002): 705-10. [PMID: 12428081]
40 Wells PS, Holbrook AM, Crowther NR, Hirsh J "Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food." Ann Intern Med 121 (1994): 676-83. [PMID: 7944078]
41 Bodmer M, Sulz M, Stadlmann S, Droll A, Terracciano L, Krahenbuhl S "Fatal liver failure in an adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia following treatment with L-asparaginase." Digestion 74 (2006): epub. [PMID: 16988508]
42 Product Information. Oncaspar (pegaspargase). Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA.
43 Product Information. Celebrex (celecoxib). Searle, Chicago, IL.
44 Guay J "Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes." Anesth Analg 108 (2009): 837-45. [PMID: 19224791]
45 Product Information. Hurricaine (benzocaine topical). Beutlich, Waukegan, IL.
46 Product Information. Aczone (dapsone topical). QLT USA, Inc, Fort Collins, CO.
47 Mulenga M, Malunga P, Bennett S. et.al "Folic acid treatment of Zambian children with moderate to severe malaria anemia." Am J Trop Med Hyg 74 (2006): 986-90
48 Product Information. Folic Acid (folic acid). Method Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Arlington, TX.
49 Abad S, Moachon L, Blanche P, Bavoux F, Sicard D, Salmon-Ceron D "Possible interaction between glicazide, fluconazole and sulfamethoxazole resulting in severe hypoglycaemia." Br J Clin Pharmacol 52 (2001): 456-7. [PMID: 11678792]
50 Ahmad S "Drug interaction induces hypoglycemia." J Fam Pract 40 (1995): 540-1. [PMID: 7775905]
51 Ahmad S "Gemfibrozil: interaction with glyburide." South Med J 84 (1991): 102. [PMID: 1898783]
52 Aleyassine H, Gardiner RJ "Dual action of antidepressant drugs (MAO inhibitors) on insulin release." Endocrinology 96 (1975): 702-10. [PMID: 1090438]
53 Aleyassine H, Lee SH "Inhibition of insulin release by substrates and inhibitors of monoamine oxidase." Am J Physiol 222 (1972): 565-9. [PMID: 5022664]
54 Almirall J, Montoliu J, Torras A, Revert L "Propoxyphene-induced hypoglycemia in a patient with chronic renal failure." Nephron 53 (1989): 273-5. [PMID: 2797348]
55 Arauz-Pacheco C, Ramirez LC, Rios JM, Raskin P "Hypoglycemia induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes receiving sulfonylurea therapy." Am J Med 89 (1990): 811-3. [PMID: 2123605]
56 Asplund K, Wiholm BE, Lithner F "Glibenclamide-associated hypoglycaemia: a report on 57 cases." Diabetologia 24 (1983): 412-7. [PMID: 6411511]
57 Baciewicz AM, Swafford WB Jr "Hypoglycemia induced by the interaction of chlorpropamide and co-trimoxazole." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 18 (1984): 309-10. [PMID: 6609055]
58 Barbato M "Another problem with Kinidin." Med J Aust 141 (1984): 685. [PMID: 6436654]
59 Baron SH "Salicylates as hypoglycemic agents." Diabetes Care 5 (1982): 64-71. [PMID: 6754304]
60 Cacoub P, Deray G, Baumelou A, Grimaldi A, Soubrie C, Jacobs C "Disopyramide-induced hypoglycemia: case report and review of the literature." Fundam Clin Pharmacol 3 (1989): 527-35. [PMID: 2691378]
61 Cattaneo AG, Caviezel F, Pozza G "Pharmacological interaction between tolbutamide and acetylsalicylic acid: study on insulin secretion in man." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 28 (1990): 229-34. [PMID: 2198232]
62 Christensen LK, Hansen JM, Kristensen M "Sulphaphenazole-induced hypoglycemic attacks in tolbutamide-treated diabetics." Lancet 2 (1963): 1298-301. [PMID: 14071924]
63 Cooper AJ, Ashcroft G "Potentiation of insulin hypoglycaemia by M.A.O.I. antidepressant drugs." Lancet 1 (1966): 407-9. [PMID: 4159787]
64 Croxson MS, Shaw DW, Henley PG, Gabriel HDLL "Disopyramide-induced hypoglycaemia and increased serum insulin." N Z Med J July (1987): 407-8. [PMID: 3330586]
65 Darcy PF, Griffin JP "Interactions with drugs used in the treatment of depressive illness." Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 14 (1995): 211-31. [PMID: 8845455]
66 Daubresse JC, Daigneux D, Bruwier M, Luyckx A, Lefebvre PJ "Clofibrate and diabetes control in patients treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents." Br J Clin Pharmacol 7 (1979): 599-603. [PMID: 380614]
67 Daubresse JC, Luyckx AS, Lefebvre PJ "Potentiation of hypoglycemic effect of sulfonylureas by clofibrate." N Engl J Med 294 (1976): 613. [PMID: 1246250]
68 David DS, Steere AC Jr, Pi-Sunyer XF, Sakai S, Clark SB "Aspirin-induced hypoglycaemia in a patient on haemodialysis." Lancet 2 (1971): 1092-3. [PMID: 4106934]
69 Davis TM, Karbwang J, Looareesuwan S, et al "Comparative effects of quinine and quinidine on glucose metabolism in healthy volunteers." Br J Clin Pharmacol 30 (1990): 397-403. [PMID: 2223418]
70 de Salcedo I, Gorringe AL, Silva JL, Santos JA "Gemfibrozil in a group of diabetics." Proc R Soc Med 69 (1976): 64-70. [PMID: 1019155]
71 Deeg MA, Lipkin EW "Hypoglycemia associated with the use of fluoxetine." West J Med 164 (1996): 262-3. [PMID: 8775944]
72 Diwan PV, Sastry MS, Satyanarayana NV "Potentiation of hypoglycemic response of glibenclamide by piroxicam in rats and humans." Indian J Exp Biol 30 (1992): 317-9. [PMID: 1459600]
73 Feher MD, Amiel S "ACE inhibitors and hypoglycaemia." Lancet 346 (1995): 125-6. [PMID: 7603199]
74 Feldman JM, Chapman B "Monoamine oxidase inhibitors: nature of their interaction with rabbit pancreatic islets to alter insulin secretion." Diabetologia 11 (1975): 487-94. [PMID: 1107123]
75 Ferrari C, Fressati S, Romussi M, et al. "Effects of short-term clofibrate administration on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in patients with chemical diabetes or hypertriglyceridemia." Metabolism 26 (1977): 129-39. [PMID: 834147]
76 Ferriere M, Lachkar H, Richard JL, Bringer J, Orsetti A, Mirouze J "Captopril and insulin sensitivity." Ann Intern Med 102 (1985): 134-5. [PMID: 3881067]
77 Field JB, Ohta M, Boyle C, Remer A "Potentiation of acetohexamide hypoglycemia by phenylbutazone." N Engl J Med 277 (1967): 889-94. [PMID: 6061822]
78 Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L, Pierangelo L, Mugellini A, Lusardi P "Comparative effects of lisinopril and losartan on insulin sensitivity in the treatment of non diabetic hypertension." Br J Clin Pharmacol 46 (1998): 467-71. [PMID: 9833600]
79 Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Saccomanno F, et al "Effects of salicylate, tolbutamide, and prostaglandin E2 on insulin responses to glucose in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61 (1985): 160-6. [PMID: 3923028]
80 Goldberg IJ, Brown LK, Rayfield EJ "Disopyramide (norpace)-induced hypoglycemia." Am J Med 69 (1980): 463-6. [PMID: 6998294]
81 Harris EL "Adverse reactions to oral antidiabetic agents." Br Med J 3 (1971): 29-30. [PMID: 5091891]
82 Harrison LC, King-Roach A, Martin FI, Melick RA "The effect of fenfluramine on insulin binding and on basal and insulin-stimulated oxidation of 1-C-glucose by human adipose tissue." Postgrad Med J 51 Suppl 1 (1975): 110-4. [PMID: 1219664]
83 Hartmann D, Korn A, Komjati M, Heinz G, Haefelfinger P, Defoin R, Waldhausl WK "Lack of effect of tenoxicam on dynamic responses to concurrent oral doses of glucose and glibenclamide." Br J Clin Pharmacol 30 (1990): 245-52. [PMID: 2119677]
84 Hayashi S, Horie M, Tsuura Y, Ishida H, Okada Y, Seino Y, Sasayama S "Disopyramide blocks pancreatic ATP-sensitive K+ channels and enhances insulin release." Am J Physiol 265 (1993): c337-42. [PMID: 8368263]
85 Hekimsoy Z, Biberoglu S, Comlekci A, Tarhan O, Mermut C, Biberoglu K "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia in a malnourished patient with severe infection." Eur J Endocrinol 136 (1997): 3046. [PMID: 9100556]
86 Hellman B "Potentiating effects of drugs on the binding of glibenclamide to pancreatic beta cells." Metabolism 23 (1974): 839-46. [PMID: 4212254]
87 Herings RMC, Deboer A, Stricker BHC, Leufkens HGM, Porsius A "Hypoglycaemia associated with use of inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme." Lancet 345 (1995): 1195-8. [PMID: 7739305]
88 Hundal RS, Petersen KF, Mayerson AB, et al "Mechanism by which high-dose aspirin improves glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes." J Clin Invest 109 (2002): 1321-6. [PMID: 12021247]
89 Iida H, Morita T, Suzuki E, Iwasawa K, Toyooka T, Nakajima T "Hypoglycemia induced by interaction between clarithromycin and disopyramide." Jpn Heart J 40 (1999): 91-6. [PMID: 10370402]
90 Johnson J, Dobmeier M "Symptomatic hypoglycemia secondary to a glipizide-trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole drug interaction." DICP 24 (1990): 250-1. [PMID: 2316232]
91 Johnson JA, Kappel JE, Sharif MN "Hypoglycemia secondary to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole administration in a renal transplant patient." Ann Pharmacother 27 (1993): 304-6. [PMID: 8453166]
92 Konttinen A, Kuisma I, Ralli R, Pohjola S, Ojala K "The effect of gemfibrozil on serum lipids in diabetic patients." Ann Clin Res 11 (1979): 240-5. [PMID: 398183]
93 Kradjan WA, Witt DM, Opheim KE, Wood FC "Lack of interaction between glipizide and co-trimoxazole." J Clin Pharmacol 34 (1994): 997-1002. [PMID: 7836551]
94 Kubacka RT, Antla EJ, Juhl RP, Welshman IR "Effects of aspirin and ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glyburide in healthy subjects." Ann Pharmacother 30 (1996): 20-6. [PMID: 8773160]
95 Lozada A, Dujovne CA "Drug interactions with fibric acids." Pharmacol Ther 63 (1994): 163-76. [PMID: 7809177]
96 Morris AD, Newton RW, Boyle DI, et al. "ACE inhibitor use is associated with hospitalization for severe hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes." Diabetes Care 20 (1997): 1363-7. [PMID: 9283780]
97 Morrison PJ, Rogers HJ, Spector RG, Bradbrook ID, John VA "Effect of pirprofen on glibenclamide kinetics and response." Br J Clin Pharmacol 14 (1982): 123-6. [PMID: 6809024]
98 Murakami K, Nambu S, Koh H, Kobayashi M, Shigeta Y "Clofibrate enhances the affinity of insulin receptors in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus." Br J Clin Pharmacol 17 (1984): 89-91. [PMID: 6362704]
99 Nakabayashi H, Ito T, Igawa T, Hiraiwa Y, Imamura T, Seta T, Kawato M, Usukura N, Takeda R "Disopyramide induces insulin secretion and plasma glucose diminution: studies using the in situ canine pancreas." Metabolism 38 (1989): 179-83. [PMID: 2643753]
100 Nappi JM, Dhanani S, Lovejoy JR, VanderArk C "Severe hypoglycemia associated with disopyramide." West J Med 138 (1983): 95-7. [PMID: 6404062]
101 Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ, Kivisto KT "Effects of fluconazole and fluvoxamine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glimepiride." Clin Pharmacol Ther 69 (2001): 194-200. [PMID: 11309547]
102 Nikkila EA, Ylikahri R, Huttunen JK "Gemfibrozil: effect on serum lipids, lipoproteins, postheparin plasma lipase activities and glucose tolerance in primary hypertriglyceridaemia." Proc R Soc Med 69 (1976): 58-63. [PMID: 190608]
103 Paolisso G, Balbi V, Gambardella A, Varricchio G, Tortoriello R, Saccomanno F, Amato L, Varricchio M "Lisinopril administration improves insulin action in aged patients with hypertension." J Hum Hypertens 9 (1995): 541-6. [PMID: 7562882]
104 Pestell RG, Crock PA, Ward GM, Alford FP, Best JD "Fenfluramine increases insulin action in patients with NIDDM." Diabetes Care 12 (1989): 252-8. [PMID: 2495916]
105 Petitpierre B, Perrin L, Rudhardt M, et al "Behaviour of chlorpropamide in renal insufficiency and under the effect of associated drug therapy." Int J Clin Pharmacol 6 (1972): 120-4. [PMID: 4638970]
106 Phillips AF, Matty PJ, Porte PJ, Raye JR "Inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion by indomethacin and sodium salicylate in the fetal lamb." Am J Obstet Gynecol 148 (1984): 481-7. [PMID: 6364813]
107 Phillips RE, Looareesuwan S, White NJ, et al "Hypoglycaemia and antimalarial drugs: quinidine and release of insulin." Br Med J 292 (1986): 1319-21. [PMID: 3085830]
108 Pollak PT, Mukherjee SD, Fraser AD "Sertraline-induced hypoglycemia." Ann Pharmacother 35 (2001): 1371-4. [PMID: 11724085]
109 Pond SM, Birkett DJ, Wade DN "Mechanisms of inhibition of tolbutamide metabolism: phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, sulfaphenazole." Clin Pharmacol Ther 22 (1977): 573-9. [PMID: 913025]
110 Prince RL, Larkins RG, Alford FP "The effect of acetylsalicylic acid on plasma glucose and the response of glucose regulatory hormones to intravenous glucose and arginine in insulin treated diabetics and normal subjects." Metabolism 30 (1981): 293-8. [PMID: 7010074]
111 Product Information. Amaryl (glimepiride). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
112 Product Information. Apidra (insulin glulisine). Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ.
113 Product Information. Diabeta (glyburide). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
114 Product Information. Diabinese (chlorpropamide). Pfizer US Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
115 Product Information. Dymelor (acetohexamide) Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
116 Product Information. Glucotrol (glipizide). Pfizer US Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
117 Product Information. Increlex (mecasermin). Tercica Inc, Brisbane, CA.
118 Product Information. Micronase (glyburide). Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
119 Product Information. Orinase (tolbutamide) Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
120 Product Information. Prandin (repaglinide). Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, Princeton, NJ.
121 Product Information. Starlix (nateglinide) Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
122 Product Information. Tolinase (tolazamide) Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
123 Quevedo SF, Krauss DS, Chazan JA, et al "Fasting hypoglycemia secondary to disopyramide therapy." JAMA 245 (1981): 2424. [PMID: 6785461]
124 Ravic M, Johnston A, Turner P "Clinical pharmacological studies of some possible interactions of lornoxicam with other drugs." Postgrad Med J 66 (1990): s30-4. [PMID: 2126624]
125 Richardson T, Foster J, Mawer GE "Enhancement by sodium salicylate of the blood glucose lowering effect of chlorpropamide-drug interaction or summation of similar effects." Br J Clin Pharmacol 22 (1986): 43-8. [PMID: 3527244]
126 Rubin M, Zakheim B, Pitchumoni C "Disopyramide-induced profound hypoglycemia." N Y State J Med July,Aug,S (1983): 1057-8. [PMID: 6579404]
127 Salmela PI, Sotaniemi EA, Viikari J, et al "Fenfluramine therapy in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients effects on body weight, glucose homeostasis, serum lipoproteins, and antipyrine metabolism." Diabetes Care 4 (1981): 535-40. [PMID: 6751729]
128 Sawka AM, Burgart V, Zimmerman D "Loss of awareness of hypoglycemia temporally associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Diabetes Care 24 (2001): 1845-6. [PMID: 11574457]
129 Semel JD, Wortham E, Karl DM "Fasting hypoglycemia associated with disopyramide." Am Heart J 106 (1983): 1160-1. [PMID: 6356848]
130 Shah SJ, Bhandarkar SD, Satoskar RS "Drug interaction between chlorpropamide and non-steroidal anti-flammatory drugs, ibuprofen and phenylbutazone." Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 22 (1984): 470-2. [PMID: 6500764]
131 Sievenpiper JL, Arnason JT, Leiter LA, Vuksan V "Variable effects of American ginseng: a batch of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia." Eur J Clin Nutr 57 (2003): 243-8. [PMID: 12571655]
132 Sjoberg S, Wiholm BE, Gunnarsson R, Emilsson H, Thunberg E, Christenson I, Ostman J "Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between glibenclamide and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole." Diabet Med 4 (1987): 245-7. [PMID: 2956028]
133 Slade IH, and Iosefa RN "Fatal hypoglycemic coma from the use of tolbutamide in elderly patients: report of two cases." J Am Geriatr Soc 15 (1967): 948-50. [PMID: 6046558]
134 Sone H, Takahashi A, Yamada N "Ibuprofen-related hypoglycemia in a patient receiving sulfonylurea." Ann Intern Med 134 (2001): 344. [PMID: 11182854]
135 Storlien LH, Thorburn AW, Smythe GA, Jenkins AB, Chisholm DJ, Kraegen EW "Effect of d-fenfluramine on basal glucose turnover and fat-feeding-induced insulin resistance in rats." Diabetes 38 (1989): 499-503. [PMID: 2647557]
136 Strathman I, Schubert EN, Cohen A, Nitzberg DM "Hypoglycemia in patients receiving disopyramide phosphate." Drug Intell Clin Pharm 17 (1983): 635-8. [PMID: 6413187]
137 Tannenbaum H, Anderson LG, Soeldner JS "Phenylbutazone-tolbutamide drug interaction." N Engl J Med 290 (1974): 344. [PMID: 4809290]
138 Tran PO, Gleason CE, Robertson RP "Inhibition of interleukin-1beta-induced COX-2 and EP3 gene expression by sodium salicylate enhances pancreatic islet beta-cell function." Diabetes 51 (2002): 1772-8. [PMID: 12031964]
139 Tremaine LM, Wilner KD, Preskorn SH "A study of the potential effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of tolbutamide." Clin Pharmacokinet 32(Suppl 1) (1997): 31-36. [PMID: 9068933]
140 Turtle JR, Burgess JA "Hypoglycemic action of fenfluramine in diabetes mellitus." Diabetes 22 (1973): 858-67. [PMID: 4749404]
141 Verdy M, Charbonneau L, Verdy I, Belanger R, Bolte E, Chiasson JL "Fenfluramine in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetics: hypoglycemic versus anorectic effect." Int J Obes 7 (1983): 289-97. [PMID: 6629637]
142 Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo VY, et al "American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus." Arch Intern Med 160 (2000): 1009-13. [PMID: 10761967]
143 Vuksan V, Stavro MP, Sievenpiper JL, et al "Similar postprandial glycemic reductions with escalation of dose and administration time of American ginseng in type 2 diabetes." Diabetes Care 23 (2000): 1221-6. [PMID: 10977009]
144 Whitcroft IA, Thomas JM, Rawsthorne A, et al "Effects of alpha and beta adrenoceptor blocking drugs and ACE inhibitors on long term glucose and lipid control in hypertensive non-insulin dependent diabetics." Horm Metab Res Suppl 22 (1990): 42-6. [PMID: 1975246]
145 Wiederholt IC, Genco M, Foley JM "Recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia induced by propoxyphene." Neurology 17 (1967): 703-6. [PMID: 6067489]
146 Wing LM, Miners JO "Cotrimoxazole as an inhibitor of oxidative drug metabolism: effects of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole separately and combined on tolbutamide disposition." Br J Clin Pharmacol 20 (1985): 482-5. [PMID: 3878154]
147 World Health Organization "WHO Public Assessment Reports (WHOPARs).".
148 Wu B, Sato T, Kiyosue T, Arita M "Blockade of 2,4-dinitrophenol induced ATP sensitive potassium current in guinea pig ventricular myocytes by class I antiarrhythmic drugs." Cardiovasc Res 26 (1992): 1095-101. [PMID: 1291087]
149 Ben Salem C, Fathallah N, Hmouda H, Bouraoui K "Drug-induced hypoglycaemia: an update." Drug Saf 34 (2011): 21-45. [PMID: 20942513]
150 Product Information. Afrezza (insulin inhalation, rapid acting). MannKind Corporation, Valencia, CA.
151 Product Information. Humalog (insulin lispro). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
152 Product Information. Humulin 70/30 (insulin isophane-insulin regular). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
153 Product Information. Ryzodeg 70/30 FlexTouch (insulin aspart-insulin degludec). Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, Princeton, NJ.
154 Product Information. Tresiba FlexTouch (insulin degludec). Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, Princeton, NJ.
155 Vuorinen-Markkola H, Yki-Jarvinen H "Antihypertensive therapy with enalapril improves glucose storage and insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." Metabolism 44 (1995): 85-9. [PMID: 7854171]
156 Product Information. Avonex (interferon beta-1a). Biogen, Cambridge, MA.
157 Product Information. Betaseron (interferon beta-1b). Berlex, Richmond, CA.
158 Product Information. Plegridy (peginterferon beta-1a). Biogen Idec Inc, Cambridge, MA.
159 Product Information. Rebif (interferon beta-1a). Serono Laboratories Inc, Norwell, MA.
160 Bannwarth B, Pehourcq F, Schaeverbeke T, Dehais J "Clinical pharmacokinetics of low-dose pulse methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis." Clin Pharmacokinet 30 (1996): 194-210. [PMID: 8882301]
161 Beach BJ, Woods WG, Howell SB "Influence of co-trimoxazole on methotrexate pharmacokinetics in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 3 (1981): 115-9. [PMID: 6975580]
162 Ferrazzini G, Klein J, Sulh H, Chung D, Griesbrecht E, Koren G "Interaction between trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and methotrexate in children with leukemia." J Pediatr 117 (1990): 823-6. [PMID: 2231218]
163 Frain JB "Methotrexate toxicity in a patient receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole." J Rheumatol 14 (1987): 176-7. [PMID: 3494846]
164 Govert JA, Patton S, Fine RL "Pancytopenia from using trimethoprim and methotrexate." Ann Intern Med 117 (1992): 877-8. [PMID: 1416570]
165 Jeurissen ME, Boerbooms AM, van de Putte LB "Pancytopenia and methotrexate with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole." Ann Intern Med 111 (1989): 261. [PMID: 2787612]
166 Liegler DG, Henderson ES, Hahn MA, Oliverio VT "The effect of organic acids on renal clearance of methotrexate in man." Clin Pharmacol Ther 10 (1969): 849-57. [PMID: 5349626]
167 Ng HW, Macfarlane AW, Graham RM, Verbov JL "Near fatal drug interactions with methotrexate given for psoriasis." Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 295 (1987): 752-3. [PMID: 3119023]
168 Product Information. Bactrim (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
169 Product Information. Rheumatrex (methotrexate). Lederle Laboratories, Wayne, NJ.
170 Product Information. Sulfadiazine (sulfadiazine). Eon Labs Manufacturing Inc, Laurelton, NY.
171 Thomas DR, Dover JS, Camp RD "Pancytopenia induced by the interaction between methotrexate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole." J Am Acad Dermatol 17 (1987): 1055-6. [PMID: 3501437]
172 Thomas MH, Gutterman LA "Methotrexate toxicity in a patient receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole." J Rheumatol 13 (1986): 440-1. [PMID: 3487652]
173 Verbov JL "Methotrexate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole." Clin Exp Dermatol 16 (1991): 231. [PMID: 1934583]
174 Multum Information Services, Inc. Expert Review Panel.
175 Product Information. Nulibry (fosdenopterin). Origin Biosciences Inc, Boston, MA.
176 Product Information. Oxsoralen (methoxsalen). ICN Pharmaceuticals Inc, Costa Mesa, CA.
177 Product Information. Uvadex (methoxsalen). Therakos Inc, Exton, PA.
178 Karonen T, Filppula A, Laitila J, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT "Gemfibrozil Markedly Increases the Plasma Concentrations of Montelukast: A Previously Unrecognized Role for CYP2C8 in the Metabolism of Montelukast." Clin Pharmacol Ther (2010):. [PMID: 20592724]
179 Product Information. Singulair (montelukast). Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA.
180 Al-Nawakil C, Willems L, Mauprivez C, et.al "Successful treatment of l-asparaginase-induced severe acute hepatotoxicity using mitochondrial cofactors." Leuk Lymphoma 55 (2014): 1670-4. [PMID: 24090500]
181 Cerner Multum, Inc "ANVISA Bulario Eletrnico.".
182 Christ TN, Stock W, Knoebel RW "Incidence of asparaginase-related hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, and thrombotic events in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with a pediatric-inspired regimen." J Oncol Pharm Pract 24 (2018): 299-308. [PMID: 28355969]
183 Jenkins R, Perlin E "Severe hepatotoxicity from Escherichia coli L-asparaginase." J Natl Med Assoc 79 (1987): 775-9. [PMID: 3305969]
184 Lu G, Karur V, Herrington JD, Walker MG "Successful treatment of pegaspargase-induced acute hepatotoxicity with vitamin B complex and L-carnitine" Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 29 (2016): 46-7. [PMID: 26722167]
185 Product Information. Asparlas (calaspargase pegol). Servier, Boston, MA.
186 Product Information. Elspar (asparaginase). Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA.
187 Product Information. Erwinaze (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi). EUSA Pharma, Newtown, PA.
188 Burke PW, Aldoss I, Lunning MA, et.al "High-grade PEGylated asparaginase-related hepatotoxicity occurrence in a pediatric-inspired adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia regimen does not necessarily predict recurrent hepatotoxicity in subsequent cycles." Blood 122 (2013): 2671. [PMID: 29407583]
189 Product Information. Metvixia (methyl aminolevulinate topical). Galderma Laboratories Inc, Cranbury, NJ.
190 Product Information. Colazal (balsalazide) Salix Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
191 Product Information. Sirturo (bedaquiline). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
192 Product Information. Adcetris (brentuximab vedotin). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
193 Product Information. Epidiolex (cannabidiol). Greenwich Biosciences Inc, Carlsbad, CA.
194 Product Information. Clolar (clofarabine). sanofi-aventis, Bridgewater, NJ.
195 Elsharkawy AM, Schwab U, McCarron B, et al. "Efavirenz induced acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation in a slow drug metaboliser." J Clin Virol 58 (2013): 331-3. [PMID: 23763943]
196 Product Information. Sustiva (efavirenz). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
197 Back DJ, Breckenridge AM, Crawford FE, MacIver M, Orne ML, Rowe PH "Interindividual variation and drug interactions with hormonal steroid contraceptives." Drugs 21 (1981): 46-61. [PMID: 7009137]
198 Barnett ML "Inhibition of oral contraceptive effectiveness by concurrent antibiotic administration." J Periodontol 56 (1985): 18-20. [PMID: 3882930]
199 King VJ "OC failure rates and oral antibiotics." J Fam Pract 45 (1997): 104-5. [PMID: 9267366]
200 Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
201 Product Information. Indium Oxyquinoline In-111 (indium oxyquinoline In-111). GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ.
202 Product Information. Rexulti (brexpiprazole). Otsuka American Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD.
203 Warrington SJ, Ankier SI, Turner P "Evaluation of possible interactions between ethanol and trazodone or amitriptyline." Neuropsychobiology 15 (1986): 31-7. [PMID: 3725002]
204 Product Information. Sodium Iodide I-123 (sodium iodide I-123). GE Healthcare, Princeton, NJ.
205 Product Information. Accolate (zafirlukast). Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
206 Product Information. Zurampic (lesinurad). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
207 Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
208 Product Information. CellCept (mycophenolate mofetil). Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ.
209 Product Information. Myfortic (mycophenolic acid). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
210 Product Information. ReVia (naltrexone). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
211 Product Information. Prepopik (citric acid/Mg oxide/Na picosulfate). Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY.
212 MHRA. Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Agency (general site Reference).
213 Product Information. Clenpiq (citric acid/Mg oxide/Na picosulfate). Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc, Tarrytown, NY.
214 Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF "Drug-induced photosensitivity-an update: Culprit drugs, prevention and management." Drug Saf 42 (2019): 827-47. [PMID: 30888626]
215 Product Information. Photofrin (porfimer). Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
216 European Medicines Agency "Summary on compassionate use. Remdesivir Gilead.".
217 Gilead Sciences, Inc "About Remdesivir.".
218 US Food and Drug Administration "Fact sheet for health care providers emergency use authorization (EUA) of remdesivir (GS-5734TM)".
219 Product Information. Yondelis (trabectedin). Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Titusville, NJ.
220 Product Information. Levitra (vardenafil). Bayer, West Haven, CT.
221 Product Information. Qelbree (viloxazine). Supernus Pharmaceuticals Inc, Rockville, MD.
222 Product Information. Aubagio (teriflunomide). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
223 Product Information. Tabloid (thioguanine). Prasco Laboratories, Cincinnati, OH.
224 Miners JO, Rees DLP, Valente L, Veronese ME, Birkett DJ "Human hepatic cytochrome p450 2c9 catalyzes the rate-limiting pathway of torsemide metabolism." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 272 (1995): 1076-81. [PMID: 7891318]
225 Product Information. Demedex (torsemide). Boehringer Mannheim, Gaithersburg, MD.
226 Vormfelde SV, Engelhardt S, Zirk A, et al. "CYP2C9 polymorphisms and the interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the loop diuretic drug torsemide." Clin Pharmacol Ther 76 (2004): 557-66. [PMID: 15592327]
227 Product Information. Visudyne (verteporfin) Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.