Drug General Information (ID: D0364)
  Drug Name
Clopidogrel
  Drug Type Small molecule
  Drug Synonymous
clopidogrel; 113665-84-2; (S)-Clopidogrel; Plavix; Clopidogrel [INN:BAN]; (+)-(S)-Clopidogrel; (+)-Clopidogrel; UNII-A74586SNO7; HSDB 7430; CLOPIDOGREL SULFATE; CHEBI:37941; GKTWGGQPFAXNFI-HNNXBMFYSA-N; A74586SNO7; CPD000550475; Zyllt; Clopidogrel (TN); SR-25990C; Plavix (TN); methyl (2S)-(2-chlorophenyl)(6,7-dihydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5(4H)-yl)ethanoate; Clopidogrelum; Thrombo; Clopidogrel BMS; Clopidogrel Hexal; Clopidogrel Acino; methyl (2S)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-{4H,5H,6H,7H-thieno[3,2-c]pyridin-5-yl}acetate; PM-103; Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled); Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled), The Medicines Co; Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled, cardiovascular disease), Cydex; Clopidogrel (captisol-enabled, cardiovascular disease), Prism Pharmaceuticals
    Click to Show/Hide
  Disease Class DB61-GB90: Thrombosis
  Therapeutic Class Antiplatelet Agents
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure 2D Structure
  Formula C16H16ClNO2S
  InChI 1S/C16H16ClNO2S/c1-20-16(19)15(12-4-2-3-5-13(12)17)18-8-6-14-11(10-18)7-9-21-14/h2-5,7,9,15H,6,8,10H2,1H3/t15-/m0/s1
  InChIKey GKTWGGQPFAXNFI-HNNXBMFYSA-N
  Canonical SMILES COC(=O)C(C1=CC=CC=C1Cl)N2CCC3=C(C2)C=CS3
  External Link
Pubchem ID 60606
CAS Number 113665-84-2
CHEBI ID 37941
TTD ID D0N0TZ
VARIDT ID DR00245

Drug-Drug Interaction Network
  Sunburst Graph
AM001  Affected gastrointestinal absorption
AM004  Affected intra/extra-hepatic metabolism
AM006  Pharmacodynamic additive effects
AM007  Pharmacodynamic antagonistic effects
BM001  Altered gastrointestinal dynamics
BM017  CYP450 enzyme inhibition
BM022  CYP450 enzyme induction
BM024  Competitive inhibition of metabolic enzyme
BM050  Increased risk of bleeding
BM075  Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions
BM107  Attenuated pharmacological effects (Unspecific)
  Relation Graph
 Full list of drugs interacting with Clopidogrel
      Affected gastrointestinal absorption
   Altered gastrointestinal dynamics Drug Num:  26
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0226
 
Butorphanol
 
C21H29NO2
 
5361092 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0035
 
Alfentanil
 
C21H32N6O3
 
51263 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0161
 
Benzhydrocodone
 
C25H25NO4
 
49836084 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [122]
D0219
 
Buprenorphine
 
C29H41NO4
 
644073 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0470
 
Dezocine
 
C16H23NO
 
3033053 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0493
 
Dihydrocodeine
 
C18H23NO3
 
5284543 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [122]
D0646
 
Fentanyl
 
C22H28N2O
 
3345 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0772
 
Hydrocodone
 
C18H21NO3
 
5284569 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0909
 
Levacetylmethadol
 
C23H31NO2
 
15130 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [122]
D0923
 
Levorphanol
 
C17H23NO
 
5359272 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1100
 
Nalbuphine
 
C21H27NO4
 
5311304 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1169
 
Oliceridine
 
C22H30N2O2S
 
66553195 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1183
 
Opium
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1208
 
Oxymorphone
 
C17H19NO4
 
5284604 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1390
 
Remifentanil
 
C20H28N2O5
 
60815 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1535
 
Tapentadol
 
C14H23NO
 
9838022 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0379
 
Codeine
 
C18H21NO3
 
5284371 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D0467
 
Dextropropoxyphene
 
C22H29NO2
 
10100 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [122]
D0776
 
Hydromorphone
 
C17H19NO3
 
5284570 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1001
 
Meperidine
 
C15H21NO2
 
4058 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1017
 
Methadone
 
C21H27NO
 
4095 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1089
 
Morphine
 
C17H19NO3
 
5288826 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1203
 
Oxycodone
 
C18H21NO4
 
5284603 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1247
 
Pentazocine
 
C19H27NO
 
441278 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1512
 
Sufentanil
 
C22H30N2O2S
 
41693 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
D1616
 
Tramadol
 
C16H25NO2
 
33741 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[44], [31], [45], [25], [122], [123], [124], [125], [126], [127], [63], [23]
      Affected intra/extra-hepatic metabolism
   CYP450 enzyme inhibition Drug Num:  59
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0375
 
Cobicistat
 
C40H53N7O5S2
 
25151504 
Major    Inter Info   
[31], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]
D0947
 
Loperamide
 
C29H33ClN2O2
 
3955 
Major    Inter Info   
[48], [49], [50], [51], [52], [53]
D1211
 
Ozanimod
 
C23H24N4O3
 
52938427 
Major    Inter Info   
[31], [57]
D1294
 
Pioglitazone
 
C19H20N2O3S
 
4829 
Major    Inter Info   
[59], [60], [23], [61]
D1373
 
Rabeprazole
 
C18H21N3O3S
 
5029 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]
D1392
 
Repaglinide
 
C27H36N2O4
 
65981 
Major    Inter Info   
[89], [90], [61]
D1660
 
Tucatinib
 
C26H24N8O2
 
51039094 
Major    Inter Info   
[94]
D0603
 
Esomeprazole
 
C17H19N3O3S
 
9568614 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]
D0667
 
Fluconazole
 
C13H12F2N6O
 
3365 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [96], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0676
 
Fluoxetine
 
C17H18F3NO
 
3386 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [96], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0687
 
Fluvoxamine
 
C15H21F3N2O2
 
5324346 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [96], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D1179
 
Omeprazole
 
C17H19N3O3S
 
4594 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [77], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85]
D1415
 
Ritonavir
 
C37H48N6O5S2
 
392622 
Major    Inter Info   
[31], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38]
D1581
 
Ticlopidine
 
C14H14ClNS
 
5472 
Major    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [96], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0193
 
Bortezomib
 
C19H25BN4O4
 
387447 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0194
 
Bosentan
 
C27H29N5O6S
 
104865 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[121]
D0313
 
Chloramphenicol
 
C11H12Cl2N2O5
 
5959 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0320
 
Chloroquine
 
C18H26ClN3
 
2719 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31]
D0337
 
Cimetidine
 
C10H16N6S
 
2756 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0066
 
Amiodarone
 
C25H29I2NO3
 
2157 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[119], [120], [23]
D0106
 
Armodafinil
 
C15H15NO2S
 
9690109 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0208
 
Brivaracetam
 
C11H20N2O2
 
9837243 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0220
 
Bupropion
 
C13H18ClNO
 
444 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [45], [25], [179], [180], [181], [182], [183], [184], [185], [186]
D0300
 
Cenobamate
 
C10H10ClN5O2
 
11962412 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0349
 
Clarithromycin
 
C38H69NO13
 
84029 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[169], [171]
D0545
 
Echinacea
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[191]
D0562
 
Eluxadoline
 
C32H35N5O5
 
11250029 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[192]
D0578
 
Enzalutamide
 
C21H16F4N4O2S
 
15951529 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[193]
D0601
 
Eslicarbazepine
 
C15H14N2O2
 
9881504 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0628
 
Etravirine
 
C20H15BrN6O
 
193962 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0638
 
Fedratinib
 
C27H36N6O3S
 
16722836 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0639
 
Felbamate
 
C11H14N2O4
 
3331 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0642
 
Fenofibrate
 
C20H21ClO4
 
3339 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0779
 
Hydroxychloroquine
 
C18H26ClN3O
 
3652 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31]
D0880
 
Ketoconazole
 
C26H28Cl2N4O4
 
456201 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0894
 
Lapatinib
 
C29H26ClFN4O4S
 
208908 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[231]
D0907
 
Letrozole
 
C17H11N5
 
3902 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0946
 
Lonafarnib
 
C27H31Br2ClN4O2
 
148195 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D1189
 
Osilodrostat
 
C13H10FN3
 
44139752 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D1198
 
Oxcarbazepine
 
C15H12N2O2
 
34312 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D1212
 
Paclitaxel
 
C47H51NO14
 
36314 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[236], [237], [31], [238], [239], [240], [241], [242]
D1213
 
Paclitaxel (protein-bound)
 
C47H51NO14
 
36314 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[236], [237], [31]
D1258
 
Pexidartinib
 
C20H15ClF3N5
 
25151352 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D1457
 
Selexipag
 
C26H32N4O4S
 
9913767 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [23], [244]
D1653
 
Troleandomycin
 
C41H67NO15
 
202225 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[169], [171]
D0554
 
Efavirenz
 
C14H9ClF3NO2
 
64139 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0597
 
Erythromycin
 
C37H67NO13
 
12560 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[169], [171]
D0892
 
Lansoprazole
 
C16H14F3N3O2S
 
3883 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [65], [66], [67], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [79], [82], [83], [84], [85]
D1081
 
Modafinil
 
C15H15NO2S
 
4236 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D1222
 
Pantoprazole
 
C16H15F2N3O4S
 
4679 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [65], [66], [67], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [76], [80], [82], [83], [84], [85]
D1706
 
Voriconazole
 
C16H14F3N5O
 
71616 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[64], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], [74], [75], [119], [76], [120], [78], [23], [81], [82], [83], [84]
D0686
 
Fluvastatin
 
C24H26FNO4
 
446155 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
D0697
 
Fosphenytoin
 
C16H15N2O6P
 
56339 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
D1603
 
Tolbutamide
 
C12H18N2O3S
 
5505 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
D0727
 
Glimepiride
 
C24H34N4O5S
 
3476 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
D1283
 
Phenytoin
 
C15H12N2O2
 
1775 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
D1533
 
Tamoxifen
 
C26H29NO
 
2733526 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
D1611
 
Torasemide
 
C16H20N4O3S
 
41781 
Minor    Inter Info   
[275], [23]
D1714
 
Zafirlukast
 
C31H33N3O6S
 
5717 
Minor    Inter Info   
[23]
   CYP450 enzyme induction Drug Num:  1
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1400
 
Rifampicin
 
C43H58N4O12
 
135398735 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [171]
   Competitive inhibition of metabolic enzyme Drug Num:  2
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0120
 
Atorvastatin
 
C33H35FN2O5
 
60823 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[169], [170], [171], [172], [173], [174], [175]
D0458
 
Dexlansoprazole
 
C16H14F3N3O2S
 
9578005 
Minor    Inter Info   
[77]
      Pharmacodynamic additive effects
   Increased risk of bleeding Drug Num:  124
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0005
 
Abciximab
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[1], [2], [3], [4]
D0102
 
Ardeparin
 
C26H42N2O37S5
 
772 
Major    Inter Info   
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]
D0104
 
Argatroban
 
C23H36N6O5S
 
92722 
Major    Inter Info   
[12], [13], [14]
D0008
 
Acalabrutinib
 
C26H23N7O2
 
71226662 
Major    Inter Info   
[15]
D0087
 
Anisindione
 
C16H12O3
 
2197 
Major    Inter Info   
[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]
D0096
 
Apixaban
 
C25H25N5O4
 
10182969 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [26]
D0129
 
Avapritinib
 
C26H27FN10
 
118023034 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [27]
D0176
 
Betrixaban
 
C23H22ClN5O3
 
10275777 
Major    Inter Info   
[28]
D0250
 
Caplacizumab
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [32]
D0414
 
Dalteparin
 
C26H42N2O37S5
 
772 
Major    Inter Info   
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]
D0415
 
Danaparoid
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]
D0428
 
Dasatinib
 
C22H26ClN7O2S
 
3062316 
Major    Inter Info   
[39]
D0432
 
Deferasirox
 
C21H15N3O4
 
214348 
Major    Inter Info   
[40], [41]
D0435
 
Defibrotide
 
C20H21N4O6P
 
135565962 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [42]
D0551
 
Edoxaban
 
C24H30ClN7O4S
 
10280735 
Major    Inter Info   
[43]
D0574
 
Enoxaparin
 
C26H42N2O37S5
 
772 
Major    Inter Info   
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]
D0785
 
Ibrutinib
 
C25H24N6O2
 
24821094 
Major    Inter Info   
[44], [45], [25], [46]
D0805
 
Inotersen
 
C230H318N69O121P19S19
 
121492004 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [40], [47]
D1063
 
Mifepristone
 
C29H35NO2
 
55245 
Major    Inter Info   
[54], [55]
D1174
 
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
 
C29H39NO9
 
285033 
Major    Inter Info   
[40], [56]
D1221
 
Panobinostat
 
C21H23N3O2
 
6918837 
Major    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [58]
D1313
 
Ponatinib
 
C29H27F3N6O
 
24826799 
Major    Inter Info   
[62]
D1328
 
Prasugrel
 
C20H20FNO3S
 
6918456 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [63]
D1380
 
Ramucirumab
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[86]
D1387
 
Regorafenib
 
C21H15ClF4N4O3
 
11167602 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [87], [88]
D1417
 
Rivaroxaban
 
C19H18ClN3O5S
 
9875401 
Major    Inter Info   
[91]
D1588
 
Tinzaparin
 
C26H42N2O37S5
 
772 
Major    Inter Info   
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]
D1592
 
Tipranavir
 
C31H33F3N2O5S
 
54682461 
Major    Inter Info   
[92]
D1593
 
Tirofiban
 
C22H36N2O5S
 
60947 
Major    Inter Info   
[1], [2], [3], [4]
D1623
 
Trastuzumab emtansine
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[31], [25], [93]
D1718
 
Zanubrutinib
 
C27H29N5O3
 
135565884 
Major    Inter Info   
[40]
D0481
 
Dicoumarol
 
C19H12O6
 
54676038 
Major    Inter Info   
[20], [21], [24]
D0537
 
Drotrecogin alfa
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[95]
D0588
 
Eptifibatide
 
C35H49N11O9S2
 
448812 
Major    Inter Info   
[1], [2], [3], [4]
D0690
 
Fondaparinux
 
C31H53N3O49S8
 
5282448 
Major    Inter Info   
[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11]
D0784
 
Ibritumomab tiuxetan
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[97]
D0904
 
Lepirudin
 
C287H440N80O111S6
 
118856773 
Major    Inter Info   
[12], [13], [14]
D1613
 
Tositumomab
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[98], [99]
D1614
 
Tositumomab (I-131)
 
NA
 
NA
Major    Inter Info   
[98], [99]
D1711
 
Warfarin
 
C19H16O4
 
54678486 
Major    Inter Info   
[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24]
D0047
 
Alteplase
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107]
D0088
 
Anistreplase
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107]
D0114
 
Asparaginase Escherichia coli
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[108], [31], [25], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118]
D0189
 
Bivalirudin
 
C98H138N24O33
 
16129704 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[13]
D0298
 
Celecoxib
 
C17H14F3N3O2S
 
2662 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[128], [129], [130]
D0345
 
Citalopram
 
C20H21FN2O
 
2771 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0017
 
Acetylsalicylic acid
 
C9H8O4
 
2244 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[1], [23]
D0113
 
Asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[108], [31], [25], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118]
D0187
 
Bismuth subsalicylate
 
C7H6BiO4
 
16682734 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[1], [23]
D0210
 
Bromfenac
 
C15H12BrNO3
 
60726 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0211
 
Bromfenac (ophthalmic)
 
C15H12BrNO3
 
60726 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D0232
 
Calaspargase pegol
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[108], [31], [25], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118]
D0331
 
Choline salicylate
 
C12H19NO4
 
54686350 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[1], [23]
D0336
 
Cilostazol
 
C20H27N5O2
 
2754 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[187], [188], [189]
D0361
 
Clomipramine
 
C19H23ClN2
 
2801 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1769
 
Deoxycholic acid
 
C24H40O4
 
222528 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[40], [190]
D0451
 
Desvenlafaxine
 
C16H25NO2
 
125017 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0457
 
Dexfenfluramine
 
C12H16F3N
 
66265 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0489
 
Diflunisal
 
C13H8F2O3
 
3059 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0586
 
Epoprostenol
 
C20H32O5
 
5282411 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[194], [195], [196]
D0599
 
Escitalopram
 
C20H21FN2O
 
146570 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0711
 
Garlic
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[197], [198], [199], [200], [201], [202], [203], [204], [205], [206], [207], [208], [209], [210], [211]
D0721
 
Ginger
 
C30H40O6
 
442138 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[202], [212], [213], [206], [209]
D0722
 
Ginkgo biloba
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[214], [215], [216], [217], [199], [218], [219], [200], [202], [203], [220], [212], [221], [206], [222], [223], [224], [209], [225]
D0723
 
Ginseng
 
C42H66O17
 
420552 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[226], [200], [202], [227], [203], [228], [206], [209], [229]
D0752
 
Hemin
 
C34H32FeN4O4
 
26945 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[230]
D0786
 
Ibuprofen
 
C13H18O2
 
3672 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0792
 
Iloprost
 
C22H32O4
 
5311181 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[194], [195], [196]
D0881
 
Ketoprofen
 
C16H14O3
 
3825 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0920
 
Levomilnacipran
 
C15H22N2O
 
6917779 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0988
 
Meclofenamic acid
 
C14H11Cl2NO2
 
4037 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0991
 
Mefenamic acid
 
C15H15NO2
 
4044 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0995
 
Meloxicam
 
C14H13N3O4S2
 
54677470 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1066
 
Milnacipran
 
C15H22N2O
 
65833 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1109
 
Naproxen
 
C14H14O3
 
156391 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1123
 
Nepafenac (ophthalmic)
 
C15H14N2O2
 
151075 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D1139
 
Nintedanib
 
C31H33N5O4
 
135423438 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[232]
D1140
 
Niraparib
 
C19H20N4O
 
24958200 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[25], [233]
D1178
 
Omega-3 fatty acids
 
C60H92O6
 
56842239 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[25], [234], [235]
D1196
 
Oxaprozin
 
C18H15NO3
 
4614 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1251
 
Pentoxifylline
 
C13H18N4O3
 
4740 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[89], [243]
D1272
 
Phenyl salicylate
 
C13H10O3
 
8361 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[1], [23]
D1439
 
Salicylic acid (sodium)
 
C7H6O3
 
338 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[1], [23]
D1442
 
Salsalate
 
C14H10O5
 
5161 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1460
 
Selumetinib
 
C17H15BrClFN4O3
 
10127622 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[245], [246], [247]
D1461
 
Sertraline
 
C17H17Cl2N
 
68617 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1464
 
Sibutramine
 
C17H26ClN
 
5210 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1523
 
Suprofen (ophthalmic)
 
C14H12O3S
 
5359 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D1579
 
Ticagrelor
 
C23H28F2N6O4S
 
9871419 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[25], [127]
D1696
 
Vilazodone
 
C26H27N5O2
 
6918314 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1708
 
Vortioxetine
 
C18H22N2S
 
9966051 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0384
 
Collagenase clostridium histolyticum
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[248]
D0476
 
Diclofenac
 
C14H11Cl2NO2
 
3033 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0477
 
Diclofenac (ophthalmic)
 
C14H11Cl2NO2
 
3033 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D0478
 
Diclofenac (topical)
 
C14H11Cl2NO2
 
3033 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D0539
 
Duloxetine
 
C18H19NOS
 
60835 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0624
 
Etodolac
 
C17H21NO3
 
3308 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0641
 
Fenfluramine
 
C12H16F3N
 
3337 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D0645
 
Fenoprofen
 
C15H14O3
 
3342 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0680
 
Flurbiprofen
 
C15H13FO2
 
3394 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0681
 
Flurbiprofen (ophthalmic)
 
C15H13FO2
 
3394 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D1815
 
Icosapent
 
C20H30O2
 
446284 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[25], [234], [235]
D0800
 
Indomethacin
 
C19H16ClNO4
 
3715 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0882
 
Ketorolac
 
C15H13NO3
 
3826 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D0883
 
Ketorolac (ophthalmic)
 
C15H13NO3
 
3826 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[176], [177], [178]
D1097
 
Nabumetone
 
C15H16O2
 
4409 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1229
 
Paroxetine
 
C19H20FNO3
 
43815 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1234
 
Pegaspargase
 
C14H19NO
 
436058 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[108], [31], [25], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116], [117], [118]
D1249
 
Pentosan polysulfate
 
C10H18O21S4
 
37720 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[40], [249]
D1300
 
Piroxicam
 
C15H13N3O4S
 
54676228 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1395
 
Reteplase
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107]
D1421
 
Rofecoxib
 
C17H14O4S
 
5090 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[129]
D1506
 
Streptokinase
 
C11H19NO2
 
9815560 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107]
D1520
 
Sulindac
 
C20H17FO3S
 
1548887 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1606
 
Tolmetin
 
C15H15NO3
 
5509 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[23]
D1625
 
Treprostinil
 
C23H34O5
 
6918140 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[194], [195], [196]
D1669
 
Urokinase
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[100], [101], [102], [103], [104], [105], [106], [107]
D1674
 
Valdecoxib
 
C16H14N2O3S
 
119607 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[129]
D1689
 
Venlafaxine
 
C17H27NO2
 
5656 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[131], [132], [133], [134], [31], [135], [136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142], [143], [144], [145], [146], [147], [148], [149], [150], [151], [152], [153], [154], [155], [156], [157], [158], [159], [160], [161], [162], [163], [164], [165], [166], [167], [168]
D1703
 
Vitamin E
 
C29H50O2
 
14985 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[245], [254], [25], [255], [256], [257], [258], [202], [259], [260], [261], [262], [263], [264], [265], [246], [266], [267], [247], [268]
D0253
 
Capsicum
 
NA
 
NA
Minor    Inter Info   
[202]
D0309
 
Chamomile
 
C15H10O5
 
5280443 
Minor    Inter Info   
[202], [269], [206]
D0368
 
Clove
 
NA
 
NA
Minor    Inter Info   
[202], [270], [271], [272]
D1661
 
Turmeric
 
C21H20O6
 
969516 
Minor    Inter Info   
[273], [202], [274]
   Increased risk of photosensitivity reactions Drug Num:  1
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1314
 
Porfimer sodium
 
C68H74N8O11
 
135577896 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[250], [25], [251]
      Pharmacodynamic antagonistic effects
   Attenuated pharmacological effects (Unspecific) Drug Num:  2
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0247
 
Cangrelor
 
C17H25Cl2F3N5O12P3S2
 
9854012 
Major    Inter Info   
[25], [29], [30]
D1691
 
Verteporfin
 
C82H84N8O16
 
11980904 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[252], [253]
References
1 Klinkhardt U, Kirchmaier CM, Westrup D, Graff J, Mahnel R, Breddin HK, Harder S "Ex vivo-in vitro interaction between aspirin, clopidogrel, and the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors abciximab and SR121566A." Clin Pharmacol Ther 67 (2000): 305-13. [PMID: 10741635]
2 Product Information. Integrilin (eptifibatide). Schering Laboratories, Kenilworth, NJ.
3 Product Information. ReoPro (abciximab). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
4 O'Donoghue M, Antman EM, Braunwald E, et al. "The efficacy and safety of prasugrel with and without a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous intervention: a TRITON-TIMI 38 (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Pla" J Am Coll Cardiol 54 (2009): 678-85. [PMID: 19679245]
5 Price AJ, Frcpath DO "Is there a clinical interaction between low molecular weight heparin and non-steroidal analgesics after total hip replacement?" Ann R Coll Surg Engl 77 (1995): 395. [PMID: 7486773]
6 Product Information. Arixtra (fondaparinux). Organon, West Orange, NJ.
7 Product Information. Fragmin (dalteparin). Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
8 Product Information. Innohep (tinzaparin) DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
9 Product Information. Lovenox (enoxaparin). Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA.
10 Product Information. Normiflo (ardeparin). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
11 Product Information. Orgaran (danaparoid). Organon, West Orange, NJ.
12 Product Information. Acova (argatroban) SmithKline Beecham, Philadelphia, PA.
13 Product Information. Angiomax (bivalirudin) The Medicines Compny, Cambridge, MA.
14 Product Information. Refludan (lepirudin). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
15 Product Information. Calquence (acalabrutinib). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
16 Anand S, Yusuf S, Xie C, et al. "Oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy and peripheral arterial disease." N Engl J Med 357 (2007): 217-27. [PMID: 17634457]
17 Buresly K, Eisenberg MJ, Zhang X, Pilote L "Bleeding complications associated with combinations of aspirin, thienopyridine derivatives, and warfarin in elderly patients following acute myocardial infarction." Arch Intern Med 165 (2005): 784-9. [PMID: 15824298]
18 Delaney JA, Opatrny L, Brophy JM, Suissa S "Drug drug interactions between antithrombotic medications and the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding." CMAJ 177 (2007): 347-51. [PMID: 17698822]
19 Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J "Combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy: clinical benefits and risks." J Thromb Haemost 5 (2007): 255-63. [PMID: 17635734]
20 Hermosillo AJ, Spinler SA "Aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin: is the combination appropriate and effective or inappropriate and too danterous?" Ann Pharmacother 42 (2008): 790-805. [PMID: 18477734]
21 Johnson SG, Rogers K, Delate T, Witt DM "Outcomes associated with combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy." Chest 133 (2008): 948-54. [PMID: 18198244]
22 Lidell C, Svedberg LE, Lindell P, Bandh S, Job B, Wallentin L "Clopidogrel and warfarin: absence of interaction in patients receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy for non-valvular atrial fibrillation." Thromb Haemost 89 (2003): 842-6. [PMID: 12719782]
23 Product Information. Plavix (clopidogrel). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
24 Tay KH, Lane DA, Lip GY "Bleeding risks with combination of oral anticoagulation plus antiplatelet therapy: is clopidogrel any safer than aspirin when combined with warfarin?" Thromb Haemost 100 (2008): 955-7. [PMID: 19132214]
25 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
26 Product Information. Eliquis (apixaban). Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada Inc, Montreal, IN.
27 Product Information. Ayvakit (avapritinib). Blueprint Medicines Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
28 Product Information. Bevyxxa (betrixaban). Portola Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
29 Product Information. Kengreal (cangrelor). The Medicines Company, Parsippany, NJ.
30 Dovlatova NL, Jakubowski JA, Sugidachi A, Heptinstall S "The reversible P2Y antagonist cangrelor influences the ability of the active metabolites of clopidogrel and prasugrel to produce irreversible inhibition of platelet function." J Thromb Haemost 6 (2008): 1153-9.[PMID: 18485086]
31 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
32 Product Information. Cablivi (caplacizumab). Genzyme Corporation, Cambridge, MA.
33 Itkonen MK, Tornio A, Lapatto-Reiniluoto O, et al. "Clopidogrel increases dasabuvir exposure with or without ritonavir, and ritonavir inhibits the bioactivation of clopidogrel." Clin Pharmacol Ther 105 (2019): 219-28. [PMID: 29696643]
34 Lau WC, Gurbel PA "Antiplatelet drug resistance and drug-drug interactions: Role of cytochrome P450 3A4." Pharm Res 23 (2006): 2691-708. [PMID: 17061171]
35 Lau WC, Gurbel PA, Watkins PB, et al. "Contribution of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A4 Metabolic Activity to the Phenomenon of Clopidogrel Resistance." Circulation 109 (2004): 166-71. [PMID: 14707025]
36 Marsousi N, Daali Y, Fontana P, et.al "Impact of boosted antiretroviral therapy on the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel active metabolites." Clin Pharmacokinet 57 (2018): 1347-54. [PMID: 29453687]
37 Metzger NL, Momary KM "A patient with HIV and tuberculosis with diminished clopidogrel response." Int J STD AIDS (2013):. [PMID: 24352136]
38 Suh JW, Koo BK, Zhang SY, et al. "Increased risk of atherothrombotic events associated with cytochrome P450 3A5 polymorphism in patients taking clopidogrel." CMAJ 174 (2006): 1715-22. [PMID: 16754899]
39 Product Information. Sprycel (dasatinib). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
40 Product Information. Brukinsa (zanubrutinib). BeiGene USA, Inc, San Mateo, CA.
41 Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
42 Product Information. Defitelio (defibrotide). Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
43 Product Information. Savaysa (edoxaban). Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
44 Agencia Espaola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios Healthcare "Centro de informacion online de medicamentos de la AEMPS - CIMA.".
45 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Canadian Product Information.".
46 Product Information. Imbruvica (ibrutinib). Pharmacyclics Inc, Sunnyvale, CA.
47 Product Information. Tegsedi (inotersen). Akcea Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA.
48 Eggleston W, Clark KH, Marraffa JM "Loperamide abuse associated with cardiac dysrhythmia and death." Ann Emerg Med 69 (2017): 83-6. [PMID: 27140747]
49 Kim KA, Chung J, Jung DH, Park JY "Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in the metabolism of loperamide in human liver microsomes." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60 (2004): 575-81. [PMID: 15365656]
50 Niemi M, Tornio A, Pasanen MK, Fredrikson H, Neuvonen PJ, Backman JT "Itraconazole, gemfibrozil and their combination markedly raise the plasma concentrations of loperamide." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62 (2006): 463-72. [PMID: 16758263]
51 Product Information. Imodium (loperamide). Janssen Pharmaceutica, Titusville, NJ.
52 Tayrouz Y, Ganssmann B, Ding R, et al. "Ritonavir increases loperamide plasma concentrations without evidence for P-glycoprotein involvement." Clin Pharmacol Ther 70 (2001): 405-14. [PMID: 11719726]
53 US Food and Drug Administration "FDA warns about serious heart problems with high doses of the antidiarrheal medicine loperamide (Imodium), including from abuse and misuse.".
54 Product Information. Korlym (mifepristone). Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated, Menlo Park, CA.
55 Product Information. Mifeprex (mifepristone) Danco Laboratories, New York, NY.
56 Product Information. Synribo (omacetaxine). Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, North Wales, PA.
57 Product Information. Zeposia (ozanimod). Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ.
58 Product Information. Farydak (panobinostat). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
59 Itkonen MK, Tornio A, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, Niemi M, Backman JT "Clopidogrel Markedly Increases the Plasma Concentrations of the CYP2C8 Substrate Pioglitazone." Drug Metab Dispos (2016):. [PMID: 27260150]
60 Product Information. Actos (pioglitazone) Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
61 Tornio A, Filppula A, Kailari O, et al. "Glucuronidation converts clopidogrel to a strong time-dependent inhibitor of CYP2C8: a phase II metabolite as perpetrator of drug-drug interactions." Clin Pharmacol Ther 96 (2014): 498-507. [PMID: 24971633]
62 Product Information. Iclusig (ponatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
63 Product Information. Effient (prasugrel). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
64 Collet JP, Hulot JS, Pena A, et al. "Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction: a cohort study." Lancet 373 (2009): 309-17. [PMID: 19108880]
65 de Aquino Lima JP, Brophy JM "The potential interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors: a systematic review." BMC Med 8 (2010): 81. [PMID: 21134261]
66 Freedman JE, Hylek EM "Clopidogrel, genetics, and drug responsiveness." N Engl J Med 360 (2009): 411-3. [PMID: 19164193]
67 Frere C, Cuisset T, Morange PE, et al. "Effect of Cytochrome P450 Polymorphisms on Platelet Reactivity After Treatment With Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndrome." Am J Cardiol 101 (2008): 1088-1093. [PMID: 18394438]
68 Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC, et al "Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA (Omeprazole CLopidogrel Aspirin) study." J Am Coll Cardiol 51 (2008): 256-60. [PMID: 18206732]
69 Gilard M, Arnaud B, Le Gal G, Abgrall JF, Boschat J "Influence of omeprazol on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated to aspirin." J Thromb Haemost 4 (2006): 2508-9. [PMID: 16898956]
70 Hulot JS, Bura A, Villard E, et al. "Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects." Blood (2006):. [PMID: 16772608]
71 Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, et al "A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel." CMAJ 180 (2009): 713-8. [PMID: 19176635]
72 Lau WC, Gurbel PA "The drug-drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel." CMAJ 180 (2009): 699-700. [PMID: 19332744]
73 Li XQ, Andersson TB, Ahlstrom M, Weidolf L "Comparison of inhibitory effects of the proton pump-inhibiting drugs omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole on human cytochrome P450 activities." Drug Metab Dispos 32 (2004): 821-7. [PMID: 15258107]
74 Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. "Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel." N Engl J Med 360 (2009): 354-62. [PMID: 19106084]
75 Moayyedi P, Sadowski DC "Proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel -- hazardous drug interaction or hazardous interpretation of data?" Can J Gastroenterol 23 (2009): 251-2. [PMID: 19373416]
76 Pezalla E, Day D, Pulliadath I "Initial assessment of clinical impact of a drug interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors." J Am Coll Cardiol 52 (2008): 1038-9. [PMID: 18786491]
77 Product Information. Dexilant (dexlansoprazole). Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
78 Product Information. Kapidex (dexlansoprazole). Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
79 Product Information. Prevacid (lansoprazole). TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc, Deerfield, IL.
80 Product Information. Protonix (pantoprazole) Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
81 Siller-Matula JM, Spiel AO, Lang IM, Kreiner G, Christ G, Jilma B "Effects of pantoprazole and esomeprazole on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel." Am Heart J 157 (2009): 148.e1-5. [PMID: 19081411]
82 Simon T, Verstuyft C, Mary-Krause M, et al "Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events." N Engl J Med 360 (2009): 363-75. [PMID: 19106083]
83 Small DS, Farid NA, Payne CD, et al. "Effects of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel." J Clin Pharmacol 48 (2008): 475-84. [PMID: 18303127]
84 Varenhorst C, Janes S, Erlinge D, et al "Genetic variation of CYP2C19 affects both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to clopidogrel but not prasugrel in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease." Eur Heart J 30 (2009): 1744-52. [PMID: 19429918]
85 EMA. European Medicines Agency "Interaction between clopidogrel and proton-pump inhibitors.".
86 Product Information. Cyramza (ramucirumab). Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
87 EMEA. European Medicines Agency "EPARs. European Union Public Assessment Reports.".
88 Product Information. Stivarga (regorafenib). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
89 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
90 Product Information. Prandin (repaglinide). Novo Nordisk Pharmaceuticals Inc, Princeton, NJ.
91 Product Information. Xarelto (rivaroxaban). Bayer Inc, Toronto, IA.
92 Product Information. Aptivus (tipranavir). Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
93 Product Information. Kadcyla (ado-trastuzumab). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
94 Product Information. Tukysa (tucatinib). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
95 Product Information. Xigris (drotrecogin alfa). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
96 Hirsh-Rokach B, Spectre G, Shai E, et al. "Differential impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on platelet response to clopidogrel: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial." Pharmacotherapy 35 (2015): 140-147. [PMID: 25689244]
97 Product Information. In-111 Zevalin (ibritumomab). IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Diego, CA.
98 Product Information. Bexxar I 131 Therapeutic (iodine I 131 tositumomab). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.
99 Product Information. BexxarTherapy (tositumomab). GlaxoSmithKline Inc, Oakville, IA.
100 Harder S, Klinkhardt U "Thrombolytics: drug interactions of clinical significance." Drug Saf 23 (2000): 391-9. [PMID: 11085346]
101 Hirsch J, Dalen J, Guyatt G, American College of Chest Physicians "The sixth (2000) ACCP guidelines for antithrombotic therapy for prevention and treatment of thrombosis. American College of Physicians." Chest 119(1 Suppl) (2001): 1S-2S. [PMID: 11157638]
102 Product Information. Abbokinase (urokinase). Abbott Pharmaceutical, Abbott Park, IL.
103 Product Information. Activase (alteplase). Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
104 Product Information. Retavase (reteplase). Boehringer Mannheim, Gaithersburg, MD.
105 Product Information. Streptase (streptokinase). Astra USA, Westborough, MA.
106 Product Information. Ticlid (ticlopidine). Syntex Laboratories Inc, Palo Alto, CA.
107 Product Information. TNKase (tenecteplase) Genentech, South San Francisco, CA.
108 Caruso V, Iacoviello L, Di Castelnuovo A, et.al "Thrombotic complications in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis of 17 prospective studies comprising 1752 pediatric patients." Blood 108 (2006): 2216-22. [PMID: 16804111]
109 Duarte X, Esteves S, Neto AM, Pereira F "Incidence and risk factors for central nervous system thrombosis in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia during intensive asparaginase treatment: a single-centre study." Br J Haematol 174 (2016): 280-91. [PMID: 27018199]
110 Elice F, Rodeghiero F "Hematologic malignancies and thrombosis." Thromb Res 129 (2012): 360-6. [PMID: 22197450]
111 Grace RF, DeAngelo DJ, Stevenson KE, et.al "The use of prophylactic anticoagulation during induction and consolidation chemotherapy in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia." J Thromb Thrombolysis 45 (2018): 306-14. [PMID: 29260426]
112 Kieslich M, Porto L, Lanfermann H, Jacobi G, Schwabe D, Bohles H "Cerebrovascular complications of L-asparaginase in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia." J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 (2003): 484-7. [PMID: 12794528]
113 Product Information. Asparlas (calaspargase pegol). Servier, Boston, MA.
114 Product Information. Elspar (asparaginase). Merck & Co, Inc, West Point, PA.
115 Product Information. Erwinaze (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi). EUSA Pharma, Newtown, PA.
116 Product Information. Oncaspar (pegaspargase). Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Collegeville, PA.
117 Truelove E, Fielding AK, Hunt BJ "The coagulopathy and thrombotic risk associated with L-asparaginase treatment in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia." Leukemia 27 (2013): 553-9. [PMID: 23099335]
118 Mitchell L, Andrew M, Hanna K, et.al "Trend to efficacy and safety using antithrombin concentrate in prevention of thrombosis in children receiving l-asparaginase for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Results of the PAARKA study." Thromb Haemost 90 (2003): 235-44. [PMID: 12888870]
119 Ohyama K, Nakajima M, Suzuki M, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T "Inhibitory effects of amiodarone and its N-deethylated metabolite on human cytochrome P450 activities: Prediction of in vivo drug interactions." Br J Clin Pharmacol 49 (2000): 244-53. [PMID: 10718780]
120 Product Information. Cordarone (amiodarone). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
121 Product Information. Tracleer (bosentan). Acetelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
122 Hobl EL, Reiter B, Schoergenhofer C, et al. "Morphine Decreases Ticagrelor Concentrations but not its Antiplatelet Effects: A Randomized Trial in Healthy Volunteers." Eur J Clin Invest 46 (2015): 7-14. [PMID: 26449338]
123 Hobl EL, Reiter B, Schoergenhofer C, et al. "Morphine interaction with prasugrel: a double-blind, cross-over trial in healthy volunteers." Clin Res Cardiol 105 (2015): 349-55. [PMID: 26493304]
124 Hobl EL, Stimpfl T, Ebner J, et al. "Morphine Decreases Clopidogrel Concentrations and Effects: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial." J Am Coll Cardiol (2013):. [PMID: 24315907]
125 Kubica J, Adamski P, Ostrowska M, et al. "Morphine delays and attenuates ticagrelor exposure and action in patients with myocardial infarction: the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled IMPRESSION trial." Eur Heart J (2015):. [PMID: 26491112]
126 Kubica J, Kubica A, Jilma B, et al. "Impact of morphine on antiplatelet effects of oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitors." Int J Cardiol 215 (2016): 201-208. [PMID: 27128531]
127 Product Information. Brilinta (ticagrelor). Astra-Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
128 Kane GC, Lipsky JJ "Drug-grapefruit juice interactions." Mayo Clin Proc 75 (2000): 933-42. [PMID: 10994829]
129 Product Information. Celebrex (celecoxib). Searle, Chicago, IL.
130 Fisher AA, Le Couteur DG "Intracerebral hemorrhage following possible interaction between celecoxib and clopidogrel." Ann Pharmacother 35 (2001): 1567-9
131 Alderman CP, Moritz CK, Ben-Tovim DI "Abnormal platelet aggregation associated with fluoxetine therapy." Ann Pharmacother 26 (1992): 1517-9. [PMID: 1482806]
132 Alderman CP, Seshadri P, Ben-Tovim DI "Effects of serotonin reuptake inhibitors on hemostasis." Ann Pharmacother 30 (1996): 1232-4. [PMID: 8913401]
133 Aranth J, Lindberg C "Bleeding, a side effect of fluoxetine." Am J Psychiatry 149 (1992): 412. [PMID: 1536285]
134 Bannister SJ, Houser VP, Hulse JD, Kisicki JC, Rasmussen JG "Evaluation of the potential for interactions of paroxetine with diazepam, cimetidine, warfarin, and digoxin." Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 350 (1989): 102-6. [PMID: 2530759]
135 Ciraulo DA, Shader RI "Fluoxetine drug-drug interactions. II." J Clin Psychopharmacol 10 (1990): 213-7. [PMID: 2198298]
136 Claire RJ, Servis ME, Cram DL Jr "Potential interaction between warfarin sodium and fluoxetine." Am J Psychiatry 148 (1991): 1604. [PMID: 1928485]
137 Dalton SO, Johansen C, Mellemkjaer L, Norgard B, Sorensen HT, Olsen JH "Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding: a population-based cohort study." Arch Intern Med 163 (2003): 59-64. [PMID: 12523917]
138 de Abajo FJ, Jick H, Derby L, Jick S, Schmitz S "Intracranial haemorrhage and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Br J Clin Pharmacol 50 (2000): 43-7. [PMID: 10886117]
139 de Abajo FJ, Rodriguez LA, Montero D "Association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and upper gastrointestinal bleeding: population based case-control study." BMJ 319 (1999): 1106-9. [PMID: 10531103]
140 de Maistre E, Allart C, Lecompte T, Bollaert PE "Severe bleeding associated with use of low molecular weight heparin and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Am J Med 113 (2002): 530-2. [PMID: 12427509]
141 Dent LA, Orrock MW "Warfarin-fluoxetine and diazepam-fluoxetine interaction." Pharmacotherapy 17 (1997): 170-2. [PMID: 9017779]
142 Ford MA, Anderson ML, Rindone JP, Jaskar DW "Lack of effect of fluoxetine on the hypoprothrombinemic response of warfarin." J Clin Psychopharmacol 17 (1997): 110-2. [PMID: 10950474]
143 Hergovich N, Aigner M, Eichler HG, Entlicher J, Drucker C, Jilma B "Paroxetine decreases platelet serotonin storage and platelet function in human beings." Clin Pharmacol Ther 68 (2000): 435-42. [PMID: 11061584]
144 Humphries JE, Wheby MS, VandenBerg SR "Fluoxetine and the bleeding time." Arch Pathol Lab Med 114 (1990): 727-8. [PMID: 2363631]
145 Krivy J, Wiener J "Sertraline and platelet counts in idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura." Lancet 345 (1995): 132. [PMID: 7815874]
146 Leung M, Shore R "Fluvoxamine-associated bleeding." Can J Psychiatry 41 (1996): 604-5. [PMID: 8946088]
147 Messiha FS "Fluoxetine - adverse effects and drug-drug interactions." J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 31 (1993): 603-30. [PMID: 8254702]
148 Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Huls J, Weeda JN "Bleeding attributed to the intake of paroxetine." Am J Psychiatry 151 (1994): 781-2. [PMID: 8166328]
149 Pai VB, Kelly MW "Bruising associated with the use of fluoxetine." Ann Pharmacother 30 (1996): 786-8. [PMID: 8826562]
150 Product Information. Brintellix (vortioxetine). Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
151 Product Information. Celexa (citalopram). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
152 Product Information. Cymbalta (duloxetine). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
153 Product Information. Effexor (venlafaxine). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
154 Product Information. Fetzima (levomilnacipran). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
155 Product Information. Lexapro (escitalopram). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
156 Product Information. Luvox (fluvoxamine). Solvay Pharmaceuticals Inc, Marietta, GA.
157 Product Information. Paxil (paroxetine). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.
158 Product Information. Pristiq (desvenlafaxine). Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
159 Product Information. Prozac (fluoxetine). Dista Products Company, Indianapolis, IN.
160 Product Information. Savella (milnacipran). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
161 Product Information. Viibryd (vilazodone). Trovis Pharmaceuticals LLC, New Haven, CT.
162 Product Information. Zoloft (sertraline). Roerig Division, New York, NY.
163 Settle EC "Antidepressant drugs: disturbing and potentially dangerous adverse effects." J Clin Psychiatry 59 Suppl 16 (1998): 25-30. [PMID: 9796863]
164 Skop BP, Brown TM "Potential vascular and bleeding complications of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors." Psychosomatics 37 (1996): 12-6. [PMID: 8600488]
165 Woolfrey S, Gammack NS, Dewar MS, Brown PJ "Fluoxetine-warfarin interaction." BMJ 307 (1993): 241. [PMID: 8369688]
166 Yaryura-Tobias JA, Kirschen H, Ninan P, Mosberg HJ "Fluoxetine and bleeding in obsessive-compulsive disorder." Am J Psychiatry 148 (1991): 949. [PMID: 2053641]
167 Layton D, Clark DWJ, Pearce GL, Shakir SAW "Is there an association between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of abnormal bleeding? Results from a cohort study based on prescription event monitoring in England." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 57 (2001): 167-76. [PMID: 11417450]
168 Tata LJ, Fortun PJ, Hubbard RB, et al. "Does concurrent prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs substantially increase the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding?" Aliment Pharmacol Ther 22 (2005): 175-81. [PMID: 16091054]
169 Clarke TA, Waskell LA "The metabolism of clopidogrel is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A and is inhibited by atorvastatin." Drug Metab Dispos 31 (2003): 53-9. [PMID: 12485953]
170 Damkier P "Atorvastatin and clopidogrel." Circulation 108 (2003): e96 author reply e96. [PMID: 14517157]
171 Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, et al. "Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction." Circulation 107 (2003): 32-7. [PMID: 12515739]
172 Neubauer H, Gunesdogan B, Hanefeld C, Spiecker M, Mugge A "Lipophilic statins interfere with the inhibitory effects of clopidogrel on platelet function - a flow cytometry study." Eur Heart J 24 (2003): 1744-1749. [PMID: 14522569]
173 Saw J, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, et al. "Lack of Adverse Clopidogrel-Atorvastatin Clinical Interaction From Secondary Analysis of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clopidogrel Trial." Circulation 108 (2003): 921-924. [PMID: 12925453]
174 Serebruany VL, Steinhubl SR, Hennekens CH "Are antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel inhibited by atorvastatin? A research question formulated but not yet adequately tested." Circulation 107 (2003): 1568-9. [PMID: 12668486]
175 Shechter M "Atorvastatin and the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation." Circulation 107 (2003): e210 author reply e210. [PMID: 12796420]
176 Product Information. Acular (ketorolac). Allergan Inc, Irvine, CA.
177 Product Information. Nevanac (nepafenac ophthalmic). Alcon Laboratories Inc, Fort Worth, TX.
178 Product Information. Xibrom (bromfenac ophthalmic). ISTA Pharmaceuticals, Irvine, CA.
179 Product Information. Aplenzin (buPROPion). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
180 Product Information. Contrave (buPROPion-naltrexone). Orexigen Therapeutics Inc, La Jolla, CA.
181 Product Information. Forfivo XL (buPROPion (bupropion)). Almatica Pharma Inc, Parsippany, NJ.
182 Product Information. Wellbutrin SR (bupropion). Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC.
183 Product Information. Wellbutrin XL (buPROPion). GlaxoSmithKline, Philadelphia, PA.
184 Product Information. Zyban (bupropion). Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC.
185 Richter T, Muerdter TE, Heinkele G, et al. "Potent mechanism-based inhibition of human CYP2B6 by clopidogrel and ticlopidine." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 308 (2004): 189-97. [PMID: 14563790]
186 Turpeinen M, Tolonen A, Uusitalo J, Jalonen J, Pelkonen O, Laine K "Effect of clopidogrel and ticlopidine on cytochrome P450 2B6 activity as measured by bupropion hydroxylation." Clin Pharmacol Ther 77 (2005): 553-9. [PMID: 15961986]
187 Product Information. Pletal (cilostazol). Otsuka American Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD.
188 Wilhite DB, Comerota AJ, Schmieder FA, Throm RC, Gaughan JP, Rao AK "Managing PAD with multiple platelet inhibitors: the effect of combination therapy on bleeding time." J Vasc Surg 38 (2003): 710-3
189 Mallikaarjun S, Forbes WP, Bramer SL "Interaction potential and tolerability of the coadministration of cilostazol and aspirin." Clin Pharmacokinet 37 (1999): 87-93
190 Product Information. Kybella (deoxycholic acid). Kythera Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Westlake Village, CA.
191 Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, et al. "The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo." Clin Pharmacol Ther 75 (2004): 89-100. [PMID: 14749695]
192 Product Information. Viberzi (eluxadoline). Actavis Pharma, Inc., Parsippany, NJ.
193 Product Information. Xtandi (enzalutamide). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
194 Product Information. Flolan (epoprostenol). Glaxo Wellcome, Research Triangle Park, NC.
195 Product Information. Remodulin (treprostinil). United Therapeutics Corp, Silver Spring, MD.
196 Product Information. Ventavis (iloprost). Actelion Pharmaceuticals US Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
197 Burnham BE "Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative bleeding." Plast Reconstr Surg 95 (1995): 213. [PMID: 7809259]
198 Chutani SK, Bordia A "The effect of fried versus raw garlic on fibrinolytic activity in man." Atherosclerosis 38 (1981): 417-21. [PMID: 7225179]
199 Evans V "Herbs and the brain: friend or foe? The effects of ginkgo and garlic on warfarin use." J Neurosci Nurs 32 (2000): 229-32. [PMID: 10994537]
200 Fugh-Berman A "Herb-drug interactions." Lancet 355 (2000): 134-8. [PMID: 10675182]
201 German K, Kumar U, Blackford HN "Garlic and the risk of TURP bleeding." Br J Urol 76 (1996): 518. [PMID: 7551902]
202 Heck AM, DeWitt BA, Lukes AL "Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin." Am J Health Syst Pharm 57 (2000): 1221-7 quiz 1228-30. [PMID: 10902065]
203 Izzo AA, Ernst E "Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: a systematic review." Drugs 61 (2001): 2163-75. [PMID: 11772128]
204 Kiesewetter H, Jung F, Jung EM, Mrowietz C, Kosciehlny J, Wenzel E "Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 45 (1993): 333-6. [PMID: 8299665]
205 Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G, Ludovici S, Cesarano G, Coccheri S "Effects of a dried garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in healthy subjects." Arzneimittelforschung 43 (1993): 119-22. [PMID: 8457236]
206 Miller LG "Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions." Arch Intern Med 158 (1998): 2200-11. [PMID: 9818800]
207 Morris J, Burke V, Mori TA, Vandongen R, Beilin LJ "Effects of garlic extract on platelet aggregation: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study." Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 22 (1995): 414-7. [PMID: 8582091]
208 Steiner M, Lin RS "Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract." J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31 (1998): 904-8. [PMID: 9641475]
209 Vaes LP, Chyka PA "Interactions of warfarin with garlic, ginger, or ginseng: nature of evidence." Ann Pharmacother 34 (2000): 1478-82. [PMID: 11144706]
210 Apitz-Castro R, Escalante J, Vargas R, Jain MK "Ajoene, the antiplatelet principle of garlic, synergistically potentiates the antiaggregatory action of prostacyclin, forskolin, indomethacin and dypiridamole on human platelets." Thromb Res 42 (1986): 303-11. [PMID: 3520940]
211 Mulrow C, Lawrence V, Ackermann R, et al. Garlic: effects on cardiovascular risks and disease, protective effects against cancer, and clinical adverse effects.?Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2000;(20):1-4. [PMID: 11089496]
212 Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. "Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects." Br J Clin Pharmacol 59 (2005): 425-32. [PMID: 15801937]
213 Kruth P, Brosi E, Fux R, Morike K, Gleiter CH "Ginger-associated overanticoagulation by phenprocoumon." Ann Pharmacother 38 (2004): 257-60. [PMID: 14742762]
214 Benjamin J, Muir T, Briggs K, Pentland B "A case of cerebral haemorrhage - can Ginkgo biloba be implicated?." Postgrad Med J 77 (2001): 112-3. [PMID: 11161079]
215 Chung KF, McCusker M, Page CP, Dent G, Guinot P, Barnes PJ "Effect of ginkgolide mixture (BN 52063) in antagonising skin and platelet responses to platelet acitivating factor in man." Lancet 1 (1987): 248-51. [PMID: 2880069]
216 Cupp MJ "Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions." Am Fam Physician 59 (1999): 1239-45. [PMID: 10088878]
217 Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K "Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial." Thromb Haemost 87 (2002): 1075-6. [PMID: 12083489]
218 Fessenden JM, Wittenborn W, Clarke L "Gingko biloba: A case report of herbal medicine and bleeding postoperatively from a laparoscopic cholecystectomy." Am Surg 67 (2001): 33-5. [PMID: 11206893]
219 Fong KC, Kinnear PE "Retrobulbar haemorrhage associated with chronic Gingko biloba ingestion." Postgrad Med J 79 (2003): 531-2. [PMID: 13679551]
220 Jayasekera N, Moghal A, Kashif F, Karalliedde L "Herbal medicines and postoperative haemorrhage." Anaesthesia 60 (2005): 725-6. [PMID: 15960738]
221 Matthews MK Jr "Association of Ginko biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage." Neurology 50 (1998): 1933-4. [PMID: 9633781]
222 Rosenblatt M, Mindel J "Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract." N Engl J Med 336 (1997): 1108. [PMID: 9091822]
223 Rowin J, Lewis SL "Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic Gingko biloba ingestion." Neurology 46 (1996): 1775-6. [PMID: 8649594]
224 Sierpina VS, Wollschlaeger B, Blumenthal M "Ginkgo biloba." Am Fam Physician 68 (2003): 923-6. [PMID: 13678141]
225 Wolf HR "Does Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 provide additional effects on coagulation and bleeding when added to acetylsalicylic acid 500 mg daily?" Drugs R D 7 (2006): 163-72. [PMID: 16752942]
226 Ang-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan CS "Herbal medicines and perioperative care." JAMA 286 (2001): 208-16. [PMID: 11448284]
227 Hodges PJ, Kam PC "The peri-operative implications of herbal medicines." Anaesthesia 57 (2002): 889-99. [PMID: 12190754]
228 Janetzky K, Morreale AP "Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng." Am J Health Syst Pharm 54 (1997): 692-3. [PMID: 9075501]
229 Yuan CS, Wei G, Dey L, et al. "Brief communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients: a randomized, controlled Trial." Ann Intern Med 141 (2004): 23-7. [PMID: 15238367]
230 Product Information. Panhematin (hemin). Recordati Rare Diseases Inc, Lebanon, NJ.
231 Product Information. Tykerb (lapatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
232 Product Information. Ofev (nintedanib). Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
233 Product Information. Zejula (niraparib). Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA.
234 Li XL, Steiner M "Fish oil: a potent inhibitor of platelet adhesiveness." Blood 76 (1990): 938-45. [PMID: 2118400]
235 Product Information. Vascepa (icosapent). Amarin Pharmaceuticals Inc, Warren, NJ.
236 Bergmann TK, Filppula AM, Launiainen T, Nielsen F, Backman J, Brosen K "Neurotoxicity and low paclitaxel clearance associated with concomitant clopidogrel therapy in a 60 year old Caucasian woman with ovarian carcinoma." Br J Clin Pharmacol (2015):. [PMID: 26446447]
237 Bun SS, Ciccolini J, Bun H, Aubert C, Catalin J "Drug interactions of paclitaxel metabolism in human liver microsomes." J Chemother 15 (2003): 266-74. [PMID: 12868554]
238 Jamis-Dow CA, Klecker RW, Katki AG, Collins JM "Metabolism of Taxol by human liver microsomes and effect of inhibitors (Meeting abstract)." Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 34 (1993): a21981993.
239 Product Information. Abraxane (paclitaxel protein-bound). American Pharmaceutical Partners, Schaumberg, IL.
240 Product Information. Taxol (paclitaxel). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
241 Spencer CM, Faulds D "Paclitaxel. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential in the treatment of cancer." Drugs 48 (1994): 794-847. [PMID: 7530632]
242 Starr SP, Hammann F, Gotta V, et al. "Pharmacokinetic interaction between taxanes and amiodarone leading to severe toxicity." Br J Clin Pharmacol 450 (2016): 22-27. [PMID: 27868228]
243 Product Information. Trental (pentoxifylline). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
244 Product Information. Uptravi (selexipag). Actelion Pharmaceuticals US Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
245 Booth SL, Golly I, Sacheck JM, Roubenoff R, Dallal GE, et al "Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status." Am J Clin Nutr 80 (2004): 143-8. [PMID: 15213041]
246 Murohara T, Ikeda H, Otsuka Y, Aoki M, Takajo Y, et al "Inhibition of platelet adherence to Mononuclear cells by alpha-tocopherol: role of P-selection." Circulation 110 (2004): 141-8. [PMID: 15197142]
247 Vitamin K, vitamin E and the coumarin drugs. Nutr Rev 40 (1982): 180-2. [PMID: 7121898]
248 Product Information. Xiaflex (collagenase clostridium histolyticum). Auxilium Pharmaceuticals Inc, Norristown, PA.
249 Product Information. Elmiron (pentosan polysulfate sodium). Baker Norton Pharmaceuticals, Miami, FL.
250 Blakely KM, Drucker AM, Rosen CF "Drug-induced photosensitivity-an update: Culprit drugs, prevention and management." Drug Saf 42 (2019): 827-47. [PMID: 30888626]
251 Product Information. Photofrin (porfimer). Sanofi Winthrop Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY.
252 Product Information. Visudyne (verteporfin) Valeant Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA.
253 Product Information. Xatral (alfuzosin). Sanofi-Synthelabo Canada Inc, Markham, ON.
254 Celestini A, Pulcinelli FM, Pignatelli P, et al. "Vitamin E potentiates the antiplatelet activity of aspirin in collagen-stimulated platelets." Haematologica 87 (2002): 420-6. [PMID: 11940487]
255 Corrigan JJ "The effect of vitamin E on warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency." Ann N Y Acad Sci 393 (1982): 361-8. [PMID: 6959563]
256 Corrigan JJ, Ulfers LL "Effect of vitamin E on prothrombin levels in warfarin-induced vitamin K deficiency." Am J Clin Nutr 34 (1981): 1701-5. [PMID: 7282596]
257 Freedman JE, Farhat JH, Loscalzo J, Keaney JF "Alpha-tocopherol inhibits aggregation of human platelets by a protein kinase C--dependent mechanism." Circulation 94 (1996): 2434-40. [PMID: 8921785]
258 Gonzalez-Correa JA, Arrebola MM, Guerrero A, et al. "Influence of vitamin E on the antiplatelet effect of acetylsalicylic acid in human blood." Platelets 16(3-4) (2005): 171-9. [PMID: 16011961]
259 Helson L "The effect of intravenous vitamin E and menadiol sodium diphosphate on vitamin K dependent clotting factors." Thromb Res 35 (1984): 11-8. [PMID: 6474408]
260 Jandak J, Steiner M, Richardson PD "Alpha-tocopherol, an effective inhibitor of platelet adhesion." Blood 73 (1989): 141-9. [PMID: 2910355]
261 Kakishita E, Suehiro A, Oura Y, Nagai K "Inhibitory effect of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) on spontaneous platelet aggregation in whole blood." Thromb Res 60 (1990): 489-99. [PMID: 2082481]
262 Kim JM, White RH "Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin." Am J Cardiol 77 (1996): 545-6. [PMID: 8629604]
263 Liu M, Wallmon A, Olsson-Mortlock C, Wallin R, Saldeen T "Mixed tocopherols inhibit platelet aggregation in humans: potential mechanisms." Am J Clin Nutr 77 (2003): 700-6. [PMID: 12600864]
264 Mardla V, Kobzar G, Samel N "Potentiation of antiaggregating effect of prostaglandins by alpha-tocopherol and quercetin." Platelets 15 (2004): 319-24. [PMID: 15370103]
265 Megavitamin E supplementation and vitamin K-dependent carboxylation. Nutr Rev 41 (1983): 268-70. [PMID: 6358960]
266 Schrogie JJ "Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins." JAMA 232 (1975): 19. [PMID: 1172961]
267 Stampfer MJ, Jakubowski JA, Faigel D, Vaillancourt R, Deykin D "Vitamin E supplementation effect on human platelet function, arachidonic acid metabolism, and plasma prostacyclin levels." Am J Clin Nutr 47 (1988): 700-6. [PMID: 3128100]
268 Shalansky S, Lynd L, Richardson K, Ingaszewski A, Kerr C "Risk of warfarin-related bleeding events and supratherapeutic international normalized ratios associated with complementary and alternative medicine: a longitudinal analysis." Pharmacotherapy 27 (2007): 1237-47. [PMID: 17723077]
269 Lambert JP, Cormier J "Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek." Pharmacotherapy 21 (2001): 509-12. [PMID: 11310527]
270 Saeed SA, Gilani AH "Antithrombotic activity of clove oil." J Pak Med Assoc 44 (1994): 112-5. [PMID: 8078176]
271 Srivasta KC "Antiplatelet principles from a food spice clove (Syzygium aromaticum L) [corrected]" Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 48 (1993): 363-72. [PMID: 8321872]
272 Srivstava KC, Malhotra N "Acetyl eugenol, a component of oil of cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) inhibits aggregation and alters arachidonic acid metabolism in human blood platelets." Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 42 (1991): 73-81. [PMID: 2011614]
273 Abebe W "Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs." J Clin Pharm Ther 27 (2002): 391-401. [PMID: 12472978]
274 Yang X, Thomas DP, Zhang X, et al "Curcumin inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell function and injury-induced neointima formation." Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 26 (2006): 85-90. [PMID: 16239599]
275 Product Information. Accolate (zafirlukast). Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.