Drug General Information (ID: D0907)
  Drug Name
Letrozole
  Drug Type Small molecule
  Drug Synonymous
Femara; Femera; Letoval; Letrozol; Novartis Brand of Letrozole; CGS 20267; CGS-20267; FEM-345; Femara (TN); Letrozole [USAN:INN]; CGS 20267, Femara, Piroxicam, Letrozole; Letrozole (JAN/USP/INN); 1-[Bis-(4-cyanophenyl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazole; 1-[bis(4-cyanophenyl)methyl]-1,2,4-triazole; 4,4'-((1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methylene)dibenzonitrile; 4,4'-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-ylmethylene)dibenzonitrile; 4,4'-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-methylene)-bis(benzonitrile); 4,4'-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethanediyl)dibenzonitrile; 4,4'-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethylene)bis-Benzonitrile Letrozole; 4,4'-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethylene) bis-benzonitrile; 4,4'-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethylene)bis-benzonitrile; 4,4'-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethylene)bisbenzonitrile; 4-[(4-cyanophenyl)-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl]benzonitrile
    Click to Show/Hide
  Disease Class 2C60-2C6Y: Breast cancer
  Therapeutic Class Antineoplastics
  Structure Could Not Find 2D Structure
3D Structure 2D Structure
  Formula C17H11N5
  InChI 1S/C17H11N5/c18-9-13-1-5-15(6-2-13)17(22-12-20-11-21-22)16-7-3-14(10-19)4-8-16/h1-8,11-12,17H
  InChIKey HPJKCIUCZWXJDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  Canonical SMILES C1=CC(=CC=C1C#N)C(C2=CC=C(C=C2)C#N)N3C=NC=N3
  External Link
Pubchem ID 3902
CAS Number 112809-51-5
CHEBI ID 6413
TTD ID D0C1WH
INTEDE ID DR0929

Drug-Drug Interaction Network
  Sunburst Graph
AM004  Affected intra/extra-hepatic metabolism
AM006  Pharmacodynamic additive effects
AM007  Pharmacodynamic antagonistic effects
BM017  CYP450 enzyme inhibition
BM022  CYP450 enzyme induction
BM024  Competitive inhibition of metabolic enzyme
BM044  Additive myelosuppressive effects
BM047  Additive thrombogenic effects
BM107  Attenuated pharmacological effects (Unspecific)
  Relation Graph
 Full list of drugs interacting with Letrozole
      Affected intra/extra-hepatic metabolism
   CYP450 enzyme inhibition Drug Num:  39
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0345
 
Citalopram
 
C20H21FN2O
 
2771 
Major    Inter Info   
[1], [2], [3]
D0100
 
Aprepitant
 
C23H21F7N4O3
 
135413536 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[20], [21]
D0356
 
Clobazam
 
C16H13ClN2O2
 
2789 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[26]
D0364
 
Clopidogrel
 
C16H16ClNO2S
 
60606 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44], [45]
D0386
 
Conivaptan
 
C32H26N4O2
 
151171 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[46]
D0002
 
Abametapir (topical)
 
C12H12N2
 
15664 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[51]
D0192
 
Boceprevir
 
C27H45N5O5
 
10324367 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[53]
D0302
 
Ceritinib
 
C28H36ClN5O3S
 
57379345 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [22], [57]
D0336
 
Cilostazol
 
C20H27N5O2
 
2754 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66]
D0426
 
Darunavir
 
C27H37N3O7S
 
213039 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[68]
D0428
 
Dasatinib
 
C22H26ClN7O2S
 
3062316 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[69]
D0432
 
Deferasirox
 
C21H15N3O4
 
214348 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[70], [71]
D0534
 
Dronedarone
 
C31H44N2O5S
 
208898 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[72]
D0543
 
Duvelisib
 
C22H17ClN6O
 
50905713 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[73]
D0599
 
Escitalopram
 
C20H21FN2O
 
146570 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[77], [56], [22], [78], [79], [80], [81], [82], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87]
D0638
 
Fedratinib
 
C27H36N6O3S
 
16722836 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [89]
D0665
 
Flibanserin
 
C20H21F3N4O
 
6918248 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[90]
D0693
 
Fosaprepitant
 
C23H22F7N4O6P
 
135413538 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[20], [21]
D0699
 
Fostamatinib
 
C23H26FN6O9P
 
11671467 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[93]
D0789
 
Idelalisib
 
C22H18FN7O
 
11625818 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[94]
D0852
 
Isavuconazonium
 
C35H35F2N8O5S+
 
6918606 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [95]
D0869
 
Ivacaftor
 
C24H28N2O3
 
16220172 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[96]
D0894
 
Lapatinib
 
C29H26ClFN4O4S
 
208908 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[97]
D0896
 
Larotrectinib
 
C21H22F2N6O2
 
46188928 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [22], [98]
D0899
 
Lefamulin
 
C28H45NO5S
 
25185057 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[99]
D0906
 
Letermovir
 
C29H28F4N4O4
 
45138674 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[100]
D0946
 
Lonafarnib
 
C27H31Br2ClN4O2
 
148195 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[101]
D1136
 
Nilotinib
 
C28H22F3N7O
 
644241 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[103]
D1299
 
Pirfenidone
 
C12H11NO
 
40632 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [105], [106]
D1398
 
Ribociclib
 
C23H30N8O
 
44631912 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[108], [109], [110], [111], [112], [113], [114], [115], [116]
D1432
 
Rucaparib
 
C19H18FN3O
 
9931954 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[57]
D1459
 
Selpercatinib
 
C29H31N7O3
 
134436906 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [120]
D1541
 
Telaprevir
 
C36H53N7O6
 
3010818 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[125]
D1660
 
Tucatinib
 
C26H24N8O2
 
51039094 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[129]
D1544
 
Telithromycin
 
C43H65N5O10
 
3002190 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[135], [136]
D0439
 
Delavirdine
 
C22H28N6O3S
 
5625 
Minor    Inter Info   
[137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142]
D0208
 
Brivaracetam
 
C11H20N2O2
 
9837243 
Minor    Inter Info   
[22], [148]
D0248
 
Cannabidiol
 
C21H30O2
 
644019 
Minor    Inter Info   
[22], [149]
D1265
 
Phenobarbital
 
C12H12N2O3
 
4763 
Minor    Inter Info   
[150]
   CYP450 enzyme induction Drug Num:  23
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0178
 
Bexarotene
 
C24H28O2
 
82146 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [23], [24]
D0194
 
Bosentan
 
C27H29N5O6S
 
104865 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[25]
D0554
 
Efavirenz
 
C14H9ClF3NO2
 
64139 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[50]
D0095
 
Apalutamide
 
C21H15F4N5O2S
 
24872560 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [52]
D0204
 
Brigatinib
 
C29H39ClN7O2P
 
68165256 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[54]
D0300
 
Cenobamate
 
C10H10ClN5O2
 
11962412 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[55]
D0406
 
Dabrafenib
 
C23H20F3N5O2S2
 
44462760 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [67]
D0545
 
Echinacea
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [74]
D0578
 
Enzalutamide
 
C21H16F4N4O2S
 
15951529 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[75], [56], [22], [76]
D0628
 
Etravirine
 
C20H15BrN6O
 
193962 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[88]
D0953
 
Lorlatinib
 
C21H19FN6O2
 
71731823 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[102]
D1302
 
Pitolisant
 
C17H26ClNO
 
9948102 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [107]
D1401
 
Rifapentine
 
C47H64N4O12
 
135403821 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[117], [118]
D1433
 
Rufinamide
 
C10H8F2N4O
 
129228 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [119]
D1493
 
Somapacitan
 
C54H95N13O20S2
 
129894493 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [22], [121]
D1495
 
Somatrem
 
C43H72N14O14
 
5487805 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [22], [122], [121]
D1502
 
St. John's Wort
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[123], [124]
D1546
 
Telotristat ethyl
 
C27H26ClF3N6O3
 
25181577 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[22], [126]
D1128
 
Nevirapine
 
C15H14N4O
 
4463 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [22], [130], [131]
D1198
 
Oxcarbazepine
 
C15H12N2O2
 
34312 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[132], [133], [134]
D1494
 
Somatotropin
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [22], [121]
D0106
 
Armodafinil
 
C15H15NO2S
 
9690109 
Minor    Inter Info   
[143], [144], [145], [146], [147]
D1081
 
Modafinil
 
C15H15NO2S
 
4236 
Minor    Inter Info   
[143], [144], [145], [146], [147]
   Competitive inhibition of metabolic enzyme Drug Num:  5
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0696
 
Fosnetupitant
 
C31H35F6N4O5P
 
71544786 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [91], [92]
D1127
 
Netupitant
 
C30H32F6N4O
 
6451149 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[56], [91], [92]
D1549
 
Temsirolimus
 
C56H87NO16
 
6918289 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[127], [128]
D1476
 
Sirolimus
 
C51H79NO13
 
5284616 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[127], [128]
D1526
 
Tacrolimus
 
C44H69NO12
 
445643 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[127], [128]
      Pharmacodynamic additive effects
   Additive myelosuppressive effects Drug Num:  1
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1174
 
Omacetaxine mepesuccinate
 
C29H39NO9
 
285033 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[104]
   Additive thrombogenic effects Drug Num:  1
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D1569
 
Thalidomide
 
C13H10N2O4
 
5426 
Major    Inter Info   
[4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19]
      Pharmacodynamic antagonistic effects
   Attenuated pharmacological effects (Unspecific) Drug Num:  12
Drug ID
 
Drug Name
Formula Pubchem ID Severity Level Interaction Detail REF
D0387
 
Conjugated estrogens
 
C18H21NaO5S
 
45357473 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0388
 
Conjugated estrogens (topical)
 
C18H21NaO5S
 
45357473 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0484
 
Dienestrol (topical)
 
C18H18O2
 
667476 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0487
 
Diethylstilbestrol
 
C18H20O2
 
448537 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0609
 
Estrone
 
C18H22O2
 
5870 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0619
 
Ethinylestradiol
 
C20H24O2
 
5991 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0605
 
Esterified estrogens
 
NA
 
NA
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0608
 
Estramustine
 
C23H31Cl2NO3
 
259331 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0610
 
Estrone sulfate
 
C18H22O5S
 
3001028 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D0611
 
Estrone sulfate (topical)
 
C18H22O5S
 
3001028 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D1011
 
Mestranol
 
C21H26O2
 
6291 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
D1370
 
Quinestrol
 
C25H32O2
 
9046 
Moderate    Inter Info   
[47], [48], [49]
References
1 FDA. U.S. Food and Drug Administration "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Abnormal heart rhythms associated with high doses of Celexa (citalopram hydrobromide).".
2 Priskorn M, Larsen F, Segonzac A, Moulin M "Pharmacokinetic interaction study of citalopram and cimetidine in healhy subjects." Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52 (1997): 241-2. [PMID: 9218934]
3 Product Information. Celexa (citalopram). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
4 Bennett CL, Nebeker JR, Samore MH, et al "The Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project." JAMA 293 (2005): 2131-40. [PMID: 15870417]
5 Bennett CL, Schumock GT, Desai AA, et al "Thalidomide-associated deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism." Am J Med 113 (2002): 603-6. [PMID: 12459408]
6 Cavo M, Zamagni E, Cellini C, et al. "Deep-vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving first-line thalidomide-dexamethasone therapy." Blood 100 (2002): 2272-3. [PMID: 12229885]
7 Escudier B, Lassau N, Leborgne S, Angevin E, Laplanche A "Thalidomide and venous thrombosis." Ann Intern Med 136 (2002): 711. [PMID: 11992318]
8 Figg WD, Arlen P, Gulley J, et al. "A randomized phase II trial of docetaxel (taxotere) plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer." Semin Oncol 28(4 Suppl 15) (2001): 62-6. [PMID: 11685731]
9 Fine HA, Wen PY, Maher EA, et al. "Phase II Trial of Thalidomide and Carmustine for Patients With Recurrent High-Grade Gliomas." J Clin Oncol 21 (2003): 2299-304. [PMID: 12805330]
10 Lee CK, Barlogie B, Munshi N, et al "DTPACE: an effective, novel combination chemotherapy with thalidomide for previously treated patients with myeloma." J Clin Oncol 21 (2003): 2732-9. [PMID: 12860952]
11 Osman K, Comenzo R, Rajkumar SV "Deep venous thrombosis and thalidomide therapy for multiple myeloma." N Engl J Med 344 (2001): 1951-2. [PMID: 11419443]
12 Product Information. Thalomid (thalidomide). Celgene Corporation, Warren, NJ.
13 Rajkumar SV, Hayman S, Gertz MA, et al. "Combination therapy with thalidomide plus dexamethasone for newly diagnosed myeloma." J Clin Oncol 20 (2002): 4319-23. [PMID: 12409330]
14 Urbauer E, Kaufmann H, Nosslinger T, Raderer M, Drach J "Thromboembolic events during treatment with thalidomide." Blood 99 (2002): 4247-8. [PMID: 12043695]
15 Weber D, Rankin K, Gavino M, Delasalle K, Alexanian R "Thalidomide alone or with dexamethasone for previously untreated multiple myeloma." J Clin Oncol 21 (2003): 16-9. [PMID: 12506164]
16 Zangari M, Anaissie E, Barlogie B, et al "Increased risk of deep-vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving thalidomide and chemotherapy." Blood 98 (2001): 1614-5. [PMID: 11520815]
17 Zangari M, Barlogie B, Anaissie E, et al "Deep vein thrombosis in patients with mutiple myeloma treated with thalidomide and chemotherapy: effects of prophylactic and therapeutic anticoagulation." Br J Haematol 126 (2004): 715-21. [PMID: 15327525]
18 Zangari M, Siegel E, Barlogie B, et al "Thrombogenic activity of doxorubicin in myeloma patients receiving thalidomide: implications for therapy." Blood 100 (2002): 1168-71. [PMID: 12149193]
19 Desai AA, Vogelzang NJ, Rini BI, Ansari R, Krauss S, Stadler WM "A high rate of venous thromboembolism in a multi-institutional Phase II trial of weekly intravenous gemcitabine with continuous infusion fluorouracil and daily thalidomide in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma." Cancer 95 (2002): 1629-36. [PMID: 12365009]
20 Product Information. Emend (aprepitant). Merck & Company Inc, West Point, PA.
21 Product Information. Emend for Injection (fosaprepitant). Merck & Company Inc, West Point, PA.
22 Cerner Multum, Inc. "UK Summary of Product Characteristics.".
23 Product Information. Targretin (bexarotene) Ligand Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA.
24 Wakelee HA, Takimoto CH, Lopez-Anaya A, et al. "The effect of bexarotene on atorvastatin pharmacokinetics: results from a phase I trial of bexarotene plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 69 (2012): 563-71. [PMID: 22057855]
25 Product Information. Tracleer (bosentan). Acetelion Pharmaceuticals US, Inc, South San Francisco, CA.
26 Product Information. Onfi (clobazam). Lundbeck Inc, Deerfield, IL.
27 Collet JP, Hulot JS, Pena A, et al. "Cytochrome P450 2C19 polymorphism in young patients treated with clopidogrel after myocardial infarction: a cohort study." Lancet 373 (2009): 309-17. [PMID: 19108880]
28 Frere C, Cuisset T, Morange PE, et al. "Effect of Cytochrome P450 Polymorphisms on Platelet Reactivity After Treatment With Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndrome." Am J Cardiol 101 (2008): 1088-1093. [PMID: 18394438]
29 Gilard M, Arnaud B, Cornily JC, et al "Influence of omeprazole on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated with aspirin: the randomized, double-blind OCLA (Omeprazole CLopidogrel Aspirin) study." J Am Coll Cardiol 51 (2008): 256-60. [PMID: 18206732]
30 Gilard M, Arnaud B, Le Gal G, Abgrall JF, Boschat J "Influence of omeprazol on the antiplatelet action of clopidogrel associated to aspirin." J Thromb Haemost 4 (2006): 2508-9. [PMID: 16898956]
31 Hulot JS, Bura A, Villard E, et al. "Cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism is a major determinant of clopidogrel responsiveness in healthy subjects." Blood (2006):. [PMID: 16772608]
32 Juurlink DN, Gomes T, Ko DT, et al "A population-based study of the drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel." CMAJ 180 (2009): 713-8. [PMID: 19176635]
33 Lau WC, Gurbel PA "The drug-drug interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel." CMAJ 180 (2009): 699-700. [PMID: 19332744]
34 Li XQ, Andersson TB, Ahlstrom M, Weidolf L "Comparison of inhibitory effects of the proton pump-inhibiting drugs omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole on human cytochrome P450 activities." Drug Metab Dispos 32 (2004): 821-7. [PMID: 15258107]
35 Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. "Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel." N Engl J Med 360 (2009): 354-62. [PMID: 19106084]
36 Moayyedi P, Sadowski DC "Proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel -- hazardous drug interaction or hazardous interpretation of data?" Can J Gastroenterol 23 (2009): 251-2. [PMID: 19373416]
37 Ohyama K, Nakajima M, Suzuki M, Shimada N, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T "Inhibitory effects of amiodarone and its N-deethylated metabolite on human cytochrome P450 activities: Prediction of in vivo drug interactions." Br J Clin Pharmacol 49 (2000): 244-53. [PMID: 10718780]
38 Pezalla E, Day D, Pulliadath I "Initial assessment of clinical impact of a drug interaction between clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors." J Am Coll Cardiol 52 (2008): 1038-9. [PMID: 18786491]
39 Product Information. Cordarone (amiodarone). Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
40 Product Information. Kapidex (dexlansoprazole). Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Lincolnshire, IL.
41 Product Information. Plavix (clopidogrel). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
42 Siller-Matula JM, Spiel AO, Lang IM, Kreiner G, Christ G, Jilma B "Effects of pantoprazole and esomeprazole on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel." Am Heart J 157 (2009): 148.e1-5. [PMID: 19081411]
43 Simon T, Verstuyft C, Mary-Krause M, et al "Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events." N Engl J Med 360 (2009): 363-75. [PMID: 19106083]
44 Small DS, Farid NA, Payne CD, et al. "Effects of the proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prasugrel and clopidogrel." J Clin Pharmacol 48 (2008): 475-84. [PMID: 18303127]
45 Varenhorst C, Janes S, Erlinge D, et al "Genetic variation of CYP2C19 affects both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to clopidogrel but not prasugrel in aspirin-treated patients with coronary artery disease." Eur Heart J 30 (2009): 1744-52. [PMID: 19429918]
46 Product Information. Vaprisol (conivaptan). Cumberland Pharmaceuticals Inc, Nashville, TN.
47 Product Information. Aromasin (exemestane) Pharmacia &amp Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
48 Product Information. Femara (letrozole). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
49 Product Information. Arimidex (anastrozole). Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
50 Product Information. Sustiva (efavirenz). DuPont Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE.
51 Product Information. Xeglyze (abametapir topical). Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Inc, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
52 Product Information. Erleada (apalutamide). Janssen Biotech, Inc., Horsham, PA, PA.
53 Product Information. Victrelis (boceprevir). Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ.
54 Product Information. Alunbrig (brigatinib). Ariad Pharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA.
55 Product Information. Xcopri (cenobamate). SK Life Science, Inc., Paramus, NJ.
56 Cerner Multum, Inc. "Australian Product Information.".
57 EMA. European Medicines Agency. European Union "EMA - List of medicines under additional monitoring.".
58 Hedaya MA, El-Afify DR, El-Maghraby GM "The effect of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin on sildenafil oral bioavailability in human volunteers." Biopharm Drug Dispos 27 (2006): 103-10. [PMID: 16372380]
59 Herrlin K, Segerdahl M, Gustafsson LL, Kalso E "Methadone, ciprofloxacin, and adverse drug reactions." Lancet 356 (2000): 2069-70. [PMID: 11145498]
60 McLellan RA, Drobitch RK, Monshouwer M, Renton KW "Fluoroquinolone antibiotics inhibit cytochrome P450-mediated microsomal drug metabolism in rat and human." Drug Metab Dispos 24 (1996): 1134-8. [PMID: 8894516]
61 Product Information. Pletal (cilostazol). Otsuka American Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD.
62 Sawant RD "Rhabdomyolysis due to an uncommon interaction of ciprofloxacin with simvastatin." Can J Clin Pharmacol 16 (2009): e78-9. [PMID: 19151423]
63 Shahzadi A, Javed I, Aslam B, et al. "Therapeutic effects of ciprofloxacin on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in healthy adult male volunteers." Pak J Pharm Sci 24 (2011): 63-8. [PMID: 21190921]
64 Sriwiriyajan S, Samaeng M, Ridtitid W, Mahatthanatrakul W, Wongnawa M "Pharmacokinetic interactions between ciprofloxacin and itraconazole in healthy male volunteers." Biopharm Drug Dispos 32 (2011): 168-74. [PMID: 21360715]
65 Suri A, Bramer SL "Effect of omeprazole on the metabolism of cilostazol." Clin Pharmacokinet 37 (1999): 53-9. [PMID: 10702887]
66 Suri A, Forbes WP, Bramer SL "Effects of CYP3A inhibition on the metabolism of cilostazol." Clin Pharmacokinet 37 (1999): 61-8. [PMID: 10702888]
67 Product Information. Tafinlar (dabrafenib). GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC.
68 Product Information. Prezista (darunavir). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
69 Product Information. Sprycel (dasatinib). Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ.
70 Product Information. Exjade (deferasirox). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
71 Skerjanec A, Wang J, Maren K, Rojkjaer L "Investigation of the pharmacokinetic interactions of deferasirox, a once-daily oral iron chelator, with midazolam, rifampin, and repaglinide in healthy volunteers." J Clin Pharmacol 50 (2010): 205-13. [PMID: 19940232]
72 Product Information. Multaq (dronedarone). sanofi-aventis , Bridgewater, NJ.
73 Product Information. Copiktra (duvelisib). Verastem, Inc., Needham, MA.
74 Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, et al. "The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo." Clin Pharmacol Ther 75 (2004): 89-100. [PMID: 14749695]
75 Benoist G, van Oort I, et al "Drug-drug interaction potential in men treated with enzalutamide: Mind the gap." Br J Clin Pharmacol 0 (2017): epub. [PMID: 28881501]
76 Product Information. Xtandi (enzalutamide). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
77 Canadian Pharmacists Association.
78 Chan BSH, Graudins A, Whyte IM, Dawson AH, Braitberg G, Duggin GG "Serotonin syndrome resulting from drug interactions." Med J Aust 169 (1998): 523-5. [PMID: 9861909]
79 Corkeron MA "Serotonin syndrome - a potentially fatal complication of antidepressant therapy." Med J Aust 163 (1995): 481-2. [PMID: 7476638]
80 Laird LK "Issues in the monopharmacotherapy and polypharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder." Psychopharmacol Bull 32 (1996): 569-78. [PMID: 8993077]
81 Lane R, Baldwin D "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor--induced serotonin syndrome: review." J Clin Psychopharmacol 17 (1997): 208-21. [PMID: 9169967]
82 Martin TG "Serotonin syndrome." Ann Emerg Med 28 (1996): 520-6. [PMID: 8909274]
83 Mills KC "Serotonin syndrome: A clinical update." Crit Care Clin 13 (1997): 763. [PMID: 9330840]
84 Nierenberg DW, Semprebon M "The central nervous system serotonin syndrome." Clin Pharmacol Ther 53 (1993): 84-8. [PMID: 8257462]
85 Nijhawan PK, Katz G, Winter S "Psychiatric illness and the serotonin syndrome: an emerging adverse drug effect leading to intensive care unit admission." Crit Care Med 24 (1996): 1086-9. [PMID: 8681579]
86 Product Information. Lexapro (escitalopram). Forest Pharmaceuticals, St. Louis, MO.
87 Sternbach H "The serotonin syndrome." Am J Psychiatry 148 (1991): 705-13. [PMID: 2035713]
88 Product Information. Intelence (etravirine). Ortho Biotech Inc, Bridgewater, NJ.
89 Product Information. Inrebic (fedratinib). Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ.
90 Product Information. Addyi (flibanserin). Sprout Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, NC.
91 Product Information. Akynzeo (netupitant-palonosetron). Eisai Inc, Woodcliff Lake, NJ.
92 Product Information. Akynzeo for Injection (fosnetupitant-palonosetron). Helsinn Therapeutics Inc, Woodbridge Township, NJ.
93 Product Information. Tavalisse (fostamatinib). Rigel Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA.
94 Product Information. Zydelig (idelalisib). Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA.
95 Product Information. Cresemba (isavuconazonium). Astellas Pharma US, Inc, Deerfield, IL.
96 Product Information. Kalydeco (ivacaftor). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
97 Product Information. Tykerb (lapatinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
98 Product Information. Vitrakvi (larotrectinib). Bayer Pharmaceutical Inc, West Haven, CT.
99 Product Information. Xenleta (lefamulin). Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, PA.
100 Product Information. Prevymis (letermovir). Merck & Company Inc, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
101 Product Information. Zokinvy (lonafarnib). Eiger BioPharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA.
102 Product Information. Lorbrena (lorlatinib). Pfizer U.S. Pharmaceuticals Group, New York, NY.
103 Product Information. Tasigna (nilotinib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
104 Product Information. Synribo (omacetaxine). Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, North Wales, PA.
105 Product Information. Esbriet (pirfenidone). Intermune Inc, Brisbane, CA.
106 Product Information. Varubi (rolapitant). Tesaro Inc., Waltham, MA.
107 Product Information. Wakix (pitolisant). Harmony Biosciences, LLC, Plymouth Meeting, PA.
108 DSouza DL, Levasseur LM, Nezamis J, Robbins DK, Simms L, Koch KM "Effect of alosetron on the pharmacokinetics of alprazolam." J Clin Pharmacol 41 (2001): 452-4. [PMID: 11304902]
109 Kane GC, Lipsky JJ "Drug-grapefruit juice interactions." Mayo Clin Proc 75 (2000): 933-42. [PMID: 10994829]
110 Katoh M, Nakajima M, Yamazaki H, Yokoi T "Inhibitory effects of CYP3A4 substrates and their metabolites on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport." Eur J Pharm Sci 12 (2001): 505-13. [PMID: 11231118]
111 Nagy J, Schipper HG, Koopmans RP, Butter JJ, van Boxtel CJ, Kager PA "Effect of grapefruit juice or cimetidine coadministration on albendazole bioavailability." Am J Trop Med Hyg 66 (2002): 260-3. [PMID: 12139218]
112 Product Information. Kisqali (ribociclib). Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
113 Rawden HC, Kokwaro GO, Ward SA, Edwards G "Relative contribution of cytochromes P-450 and flavin-containing monoxygenases to the metabolism of albendazole by human liver microsomes." Br J Clin Pharmacol 49 (2000): 313-22. [PMID: 10759686]
114 Trivier JM, Libersa C, Belloc C, Lhermitte M "Amiodarone N-deethylation in human liver microsomes: involvement of cytochrome P450 3A enzymes (first report)." Life Sci 52 (1993): pl91-6. [PMID: 8445979]
115 Yu DK "The contribution of P-glycoprotein to pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions." J Clin Pharmacol 39 (1999): 1203-11. [PMID: 10586385]
116 Zhou XJ, Zhou-Pan XR, Gauthier T, Placidi M, Maurel P, Rahmani R "Human liver microsomal cytochrome P450 3A isozymes mediated vindesine biotransformation. Metabolic drug interactions." Biochem Pharmacol 45 (1993): 853-61. [PMID: 8452560]
117 Product Information. Priftin (rifapentine). Hoechst Marion-Roussel Inc, Kansas City, MO.
118 Thijssen HH, Flin ois JP, Beaune PH "Cytochrome P4502C9 is the principal catalyst of racemic acenocoumarol hydroxylation reactions in human liver microsomes." Drug Metab Dispos 28 (2000): 1284-90. [PMID: 11038154]
119 Product Information. Banzel (rufinamide). Eisai Inc, Teaneck, NJ.
120 Product Information. Retevmo (selpercatinib). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
121 Product Information. Zorbtive (somatropin). Serono Laboratories Inc, Rockland, MA.
122 Product Information. Humatrope (somatropin). Lilly, Eli and Company, Indianapolis, IN.
123 Roby CA, Anderson GD, Kantor E, Dryer DA, Burstein AH "St John's Wort: Effect on CYP3A4 activity." Clin Pharmacol Ther 67 (2000): 451-7. [PMID: 10824623]
124 Sparreboom A, Cox MC, Acharya MR, Figg WD "Herbal remedies in the United States: potential adverse interactions with anticancer agents." J Clin Oncol 22 (2004): 2489-503. [PMID: 15197212]
125 Product Information. Incivek (telaprevir). Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA.
126 Product Information. Xermelo (telotristat ethyl). Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., The Woodlands, TX.
127 Product Information. Prograf (tacrolimus). Fujisawa, Deerfield, IL.
128 Product Information. Rapamune (sirolimus) Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.
129 Product Information. Tukysa (tucatinib). Seattle Genetics Inc, Bothell, WA.
130 Product Information. Viramune (nevirapine). Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
131 Product Information. Viramune XR (nevirapine). Boehringer Ingelheim, Ridgefield, CT.
132 Product Information. Trileptal (oxcarbazepine) Novartis Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, NJ.
133 Rosche J, Froscher W, Abendroth D, Liebel J "Possible oxcarbazepine interaction with cyclosporine serum levels: A single case study." Clin Neuropharmacol 24 (2001): 113-6. [PMID: 11307049]
134 Zaccara G, Gangemi PF, Bendoni L, Menge GP, Schwabe S, Monza GC "Influence of single and repeated doses of oxcarbazepine on the pharmacokinetic profile of felodipine." Ther Drug Monit 15 (1993): 39-42. [PMID: 8451779]
135 Product Information. Ketek (telithromycin). Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Bridgewater, NJ.
136 European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products "European Public Assessment Report Ketek (telithromycin) (Rev. 2) ".
137 Barry M, Mulcahy F, Merry C, Gibbons S, Back D "Pharmacokinetics and potential interactions amongst antiretroviral agents used to treat patients with HIV infection." Clin Pharmacokinet 36 (1999): 289-304. [PMID: 10320951]
138 Cheng CL, Smith DE, Carver PL, Cox SR, Watkins PB, Blake DS, Kauffman CA, Meyer KM, Amidon GL, Stetson PL "Steady-state pharmacokinetics of delavirdine in HIV-positive patients: Effect on erythromycin breath test." Clin Pharmacol Ther 61 (1997): 531-43. [PMID: 9164415]
139 Fichtenbaum CJ, Gerber JG "Interactions between antiretroviral drugs and drugs used for the therapy of the metabolic complications encountered during HIV infection." Clin Pharmacokinet 41 (2002): 1195-211. [PMID: 12405866]
140 Product Information. Rescriptor (delavirdine). Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI.
141 vonMoltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Granda BW, Giancarlo GM, Duan SX, Daily JP, Harmatz JS, Shader RI "Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 isoforms by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors." J Clin Pharmacol 41 (2001): 85-91. [PMID: 11225565]
142 Voorman RL, Maio SM, Payne NA, Zhao Z, Koeplinger KA, Wang X "Microsomal metabolism of delavirdine: evidence for mechanism-based inactivation of human cytochrome P450 3A." J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287 (1998): 381-8. [PMID: 9765359]
143 Doherty MM, Charman WN "The mucosa of the small intestine: how clinically relevant as an organ of drug metabolism?" Clin Pharmacokinet 41 (2002): 235-53. [PMID: 11978143]
144 Product Information. Nuvigil (armodafinil). Cephalon Inc, West Chester, PA.
145 Product Information. Provigil (modafinil). Cephalon, Inc, West Chester, PA.
146 Robertson P Jr, Hellriegel ET, Arora S, Nelson M "Effect of modafinil on the pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and triazolam in healthy volunteers." Clin Pharmacol Ther 71 (2002): 46-56. [PMID: 11823757]
147 Robertson P, Decory HH, Madan A, Parkinson A "In vitro inhibition and induction of human hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes by modafinil." Drug Metab Dispos 28 (2000): 664-71. [PMID: 10820139]
148 Product Information. Briviact (brivaracetam). UCB Pharma Inc, Smyrna, GA.
149 Product Information. Epidiolex (cannabidiol). Greenwich Biosciences Inc, Carlsbad, CA.
150 Klotz U "The role of pharmacogenetics in the metabolism of antiepileptic drugs: pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications." Clin Pharmacokinet 46 (2007): 271-9. [PMID: 17375979]